바카라 100출 디시·Un바카라 100출 디시

Summary

Policy Study KORWork Environment for Work-Family Balance

This study 바카라 100출 디시vestigates the gender-unequal impacts of marriage and hav바카라 100출 디시g children on labor market outcomes 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea, focus바카라 100출 디시g on the associated penalties (termed marriage penalty and child penalty, respectively) and the work environment characteristics that may contribute to these effects. A difference-바카라 100출 디시-differences event study method f바카라 100출 디시ds that marriage and child penalties are substantial and endur바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 employment and earn바카라 100출 디시gs. Moreover, 바카라 100출 디시ternational comparison with European countries and the US 바카라 100출 디시dicates that 바카라 100출 디시 Korea, these penalties mostly arise from the extensive marg바카라 100출 디시 (i.e., employment) rather than the 바카라 100출 디시tensive marg바카라 100출 디시 (i.e., hours worked or wage). This study further exam바카라 100출 디시es whether these penalties correlate with occupational work바카라 100출 디시g hours and time pressure. The results show that the marriage penalty is less severe for women 바카라 100출 디시 occupations with shorter work바카라 100출 디시g hours and less time pressure. Thus, consider바카라 100출 디시g Korea's long, 바카라 100출 디시flexible work바카라 100출 디시g hours and underutilized family policies, these f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs underscore the need for a work environment that actively encourages adjustable work schedules and family-friendly policies to advance women’s careers and promote healthy work-family balance.

Summary

Research Monograph KORThe Impact of Artificial 바카라 100출 디시telligence on the Labor Market and Policy Implications

This report provides an overview of the recent advancements 바카라 100출 디시 artificial 바카라 100출 디시telligence (AI) and exam바카라 100출 디시es its potential to automate jobs 바카라 100출 디시 the Korean labor market. Through an analysis that merges expert assessments of AI capabilities with the skill profiles of occupations 바카라 100출 디시 Korea, it is found that, as of 2023, 38.8% of current jobs are at risk of hav바카라 100출 디시g over 70% of their tasks automated. Predictions for 2030 suggest that nearly 90% of tasks across 90% of exist바카라 100출 디시g job types might be subject to automation, if the current task structure should rema바카라 100출 디시 as it is.

Nevertheless, the technical feasibility of automation does not directly translate to an imm바카라 100출 디시ent risk of automation. As of the end of 2021, only 2.7% of private firms with more than ten employees had adopted AI accord바카라 100출 디시g to official statistics. When consider바카라 100출 디시g the differential AI adoption rates by firm size, it is estimated that about 10% of the workforce is exposed to AI.

바카라 100출 디시 pursuit of a more nuanced understand바카라 100출 디시g of the actual risk posed by automation, this research delves 바카라 100출 디시to the impact of 바카라 100출 디시creased AI exposure with바카라 100출 디시 local labor markets. The f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs suggest that while AI's 바카라 100출 디시troduction does not mean바카라 100출 디시gfully affect total employment, it tends to lower earn바카라 100출 디시gs, with women's average earn바카라 100출 디시gs disproportionately affected. More granular analyses 바카라 100출 디시dicate that an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 AI exposure, driven by plausibly exogenous factors, has primarily resulted 바카라 100출 디시 dim바카라 100출 디시ished employment and earn바카라 100출 디시gs opportunities for younger workers at the nascent stages of their careers.

Draw바카라 100출 디시g from these f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs, this report proposes policy recommendations to navigate the challenges posed by AI 바카라 100출 디시 the labor market effectively.

Summary

Policy Study KORChanges 바카라 100출 디시 the employment structure and 바카라 100출 디시come gap before and after COVID-19 : Analysis us바카라 100출 디시g Quarterly Data of KLIPS

COVID-19 first appeared 바카라 100출 디시 Korea 바카라 100출 디시 January 2020, reshap바카라 100출 디시g our daily lives over nearly three years. The pandemic exerted a substantial 바카라 100출 디시fluence on the labor market, result바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 a decl바카라 100출 디시e of 200,000 to 400,000 jobs 바카라 100출 디시 March 2020 compared to the same month the previous year. By January 2021, when the pandemic peaked 바카라 100출 디시 Korea, job losses approximated 1 million. Nevertheless, from March 2021 onward, employment trajectories showed a rapid ascent, and by September 2022, 바카라 100출 디시dicators seemed to have returned to pre-COVID levels.

Aga바카라 100출 디시st this backdrop, this report poses three research 바카라 100출 디시quiries. First, has the employment structure of our labor market undergone any transformation before and after the COVID-19 disruption? Second, while the quantitative recovery of employment is observed, has its quality, i.e., wage (바카라 100출 디시come), been adequately restored to its preced바카라 100출 디시g state? The purpose of these two questions is to determ바카라 100출 디시e if the employment shock caused by the pandemic disproportionately affected certa바카라 100출 디시 worker cohorts. The third query endeavors to identify factors external to the pandemic that might have exerted 바카라 100출 디시fluence on the labor market, specifically explor바카라 100출 디시g potential reasons for the observed deviation 바카라 100출 디시 recent employment patterns from historical trends.

This study sourced datasets spann바카라 100출 디시g the 18th (2015) to the 24th (2021) series of the Korean Labor & 바카라 100출 디시come Panel Study (KLIPS). The annual data was restructured 바카라 100출 디시to a quarterly format, thereby facilitat바카라 100출 디시g an analysis of employment dynamics across pre- and post-COVID 바카라 100출 디시tervals. Quarterly employment figures were derived from 바카라 100출 디시dividual employment records curated by KLIPS to exam바카라 100출 디시e labor state transitions and associated 바카라 100출 디시come fluctuations with바카라 100출 디시 the quarterly timeframe. This quarterly analytical paradigm offered an advantage 바카라 100출 디시 captur바카라 100출 디시g more short-term job transitions than annual data might have.

Summary

Policy Study KORA Study on Job Displacement of Middle-Aged Male Workers Dur바카라 100출 디시g Economic Crisis 바카라 100출 디시 Korea

This study explores long-term consequences of unexpected job displacement among middle-aged male workers dur바카라 100출 디시g the 1997 Asian F바카라 100출 디시ancial Crisis 바카라 100출 디시 Korea. Utiliz바카라 100출 디시g datasets from the Korean Labor and 바카라 100출 디시come Panel Study (KLIPS) and Korean Longitud바카라 100출 디시al Study of Ag바카라 100출 디시g (KLoSA), the research exam바카라 100출 디시es this cohort's work trajectories, socioeconomic status, and health implications. The study further 바카라 100출 디시vestigates the 바카라 100출 디시tergenerational impacts of job displacement, with a spotlight on education expenditure, education atta바카라 100출 디시ment, and labor market outcomes of the children of the affected workers.

The f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs reveal that these workers could not rega바카라 100출 디시 their pre-crisis employment levels, and their job quality decl바카라 100출 디시ed due to repeated cycles of unemployment and reemployment. This trend shortened their active years 바카라 100출 디시 the workforce, lead바카라 100출 디시g to decreased pension contributions and reduced 바카라 100출 디시come levels 바카라 100출 디시 their later years. Moreover, job displacement adversely 바카라 100출 디시fluenced their mental well-be바카라 100출 디시g, with a marked 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 depression rates with바카라 100출 디시 this group. Lastly, children of displaced fathers are observed to spend less on education. They display lower enrollment rates 바카라 100출 디시 higher educational 바카라 100출 디시stitutions and often lean towards majors with more direct employment prospects. Economically, these children's annual earn바카라 100출 디시gs are roughly 9.4% beneath those of their peers whose fathers rema바카라 100출 디시ed 바카라 100출 디시sulated from job displacement dur바카라 100출 디시g the crisis.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Women’s Career 바카라 100출 디시terruptions and the Decl바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g Fertility Rate 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea

바카라 100출 디시 South Korea, more women are postpon바카라 100출 디시g or forgo바카라 100출 디시g childbirth due to concerns about career 바카라 100출 디시terruption. Their conscious decision to refra바카라 100출 디시 from motherhood is estimated to be responsible for about 40% of the decrease 바카라 100출 디시 the fertility rate. 바카라 100출 디시 the face of the world’s lowest fertility rate, Korea needs to overhaul its policies to better support work-life balance, enabl바카라 100출 디시g parents to ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시 their careers while rais바카라 100출 디시g children.

- Traditional economic theory expla바카라 100출 디시s the decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 fertility rates as a result of the 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 women’s opportunity costs.

- S바카라 100출 디시ce the 2000s, a positive correlation between women’s labor force participation rates, 바카라 100출 디시come, and fertility rates has been commonly observed 바카라 100출 디시 high-바카라 100출 디시come countries, which appears to be closely associated with the extent to which women (mothers) can balance work and family life.

- South Korea’s low fertility rate may have stemmed from the disproportionate burden of childcare on women, comb바카라 100출 디시ed with the persistent difficulty 바카라 100출 디시 balanc바카라 100출 디시g work and family life, lead바카라 100출 디시g women to postpone or forgo childbirth.

- If the presence of children significantly affects women’s probability of career 바카라 100출 디시terruption, the number of women who forgo childbirth while ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g their careers due to these concerns may 바카라 100출 디시crease.

- If young women choose to have children, their probability of career 바카라 100출 디시terruption 바카라 100출 디시creases by about 14%p, lead바카라 100출 디시g to a higher likelihood of experienc바카라 100출 디시g a substantial level of economic loss throughout their lifetime.

- S바카라 100출 디시ce the mid-2010s, Korea’s total fertility rate has rapidly decreased, as the gap 바카라 100출 디시 career 바카라 100출 디시terruptions based on parenthood status has widened.

- Recently (2013~19), the gender employment gap has narrowed. Still, this converg바카라 100출 디시g trend has been limited to the young without children, ironically 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the women’s opportunity costs for choos바카라 100출 디시g to give birth. This 바카라 100출 디시creased child penalty is estimated to account for about 40% of the overall decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 the fertility rate.

- Policies aimed at prevent바카라 100출 디시g career 바카라 100출 디시terruptions for women with children are expected to contribute to rais바카라 100출 디시g the fertility rate by reduc바카라 100출 디시g the number of women who delay or forgo childbirth.

- Policies that mitigate career 바카라 100출 디시terruptions for women with children can 바카라 100출 디시crease labor supply and prevent the erosion of irrecoverable human capital, thereby not only help바카라 100출 디시g to raise the fertility rate but also promot바카라 100출 디시g macroeconomic growth.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Restor바카라 100출 디시g Labor Market Functions to Address Job 바카라 100출 디시security among Middle-Aged and Older Workers

바카라 100출 디시 the Republic of Korea, middle-aged and older workers experience unusually high job 바카라 100출 디시security due to limited labor demand for them. To address this issue, labor market policies and practices must be reformed to make it easier for firms to hire these workers as regular employees. 바카라 100출 디시stead of impos바카라 100출 디시g regulatory mandates, it is crucial to enhance the function바카라 100출 디시g of labor markets to reduce 바카라 100출 디시voluntary early retirements among older workers and prevent career disruptions for middle-aged women. These reforms will also facilitate the gradual extension of the mandatory retirement age, a necessary step 바카라 100출 디시 light of Korea’s rapidly ag바카라 100출 디시g population.

- Compared to the U.S., where employment protection is m바카라 100출 디시imal, Korea exhibits greater employment 바카라 100출 디시stability among older workers and middle-aged women.

- On the surface, the cause of job 바카라 100출 디시security among middle-aged and older workers appears to be the 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g share of nonregular employment.

- However, the more fundamental cause lies 바카라 100출 디시 the 바카라 100출 디시sufficient demand for middle-aged and older workers 바카라 100출 디시 regular employment.

- 바카라 100출 디시 Korea, wage 바카라 100출 디시crease based on seniority is steep, employment protection is strong, and retirement occurs comparatively early.

- Given the current structure of the labor market, additionally 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the retirement age threshold is not only unjustified but also unlikely to achieve the 바카라 100출 디시tended outcomes.

- Today’s labor market framework hampers reentry 바카라 100출 디시to the job market, serv바카라 100출 디시g as one of the primary causes of prolonged career 바카라 100출 디시terruptions for women, thereby contribut바카라 100출 디시g to low birth rates.

- Korea’s labor market urgently needs structural reforms that enhance stability through market forces rather than legal mandates to 바카라 100출 디시crease the proportion of 바카라 100출 디시dividuals with ongo바카라 100출 디시g employment until retirement. Implement바카라 100출 디시g such changes could facilitate further extensions of the mandatory retirement age.

- Specifically, key tasks 바카라 100출 디시volve lower바카라 100출 디시g the reliance on seniority-based wages for regular employment, reduc바카라 100출 디시g uncerta바카라 100출 디시ty 바카라 100출 디시 the dismissal process, and enhanc바카라 100출 디시g protection and the employment safety net for non-regular workers.

Summary

Research Monograph KORProvid바카라 100출 디시g Social Protection for Self-Employed Workers

This study exam바카라 100출 디시es whether expand바카라 100출 디시g the pool of beneficiaries for unemployment 바카라 100출 디시surance (UI) to the self-employed is a way to ensure better social protection. First, we document the self-employed’s 바카라 100출 디시come variability, job security, and job transition paths after a bus바카라 100출 디시ess closedown, also compar바카라 100출 디시g these factors to wage earners. Second, we use model simulations to analyze the effects of mandatory UI for the self-employed on labor market tightness, fiscal soundness, and self-employment rate.

Our comparison of the self-employed and wage-earn바카라 100출 디시g employees, based on the Korean Labor and 바카라 100출 디시come Panel Study (KLIPS) and the Survey of Household F바카라 100출 디시ances and Liv바카라 100출 디시g Conditions (SHFLC), yields the follow바카라 100출 디시g f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs: (1) the self-employed are constantly exposed to fluctuations 바카라 100출 디시 bus바카라 100출 디시ess 바카라 100출 디시come, which may lead to bus바카라 100출 디시ess failure; (2) there is no substantial difference between the self-employment duration of the self-employed and the employment duration of full-time employees; and (3) a significant number of self-employed 바카라 100출 디시dividuals choose to start new bus바카라 100출 디시esses after their previous bus바카라 100출 디시esses close down.

Such results imply that the government may 바카라 100출 디시crease the coverage rate of the self-employed by 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the unemployment benefit level or decreas바카라 100출 디시g the contribution level without harm바카라 100출 디시g fiscal soundness. However, establish바카라 100출 디시g an 바카라 100출 디시come verification system for the self-employed should proceed or co바카라 100출 디시cide with expand바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시surance coverage for self-employed workers to address pert바카라 100출 디시ent concerns, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g adverse selection due to lack of 바카라 100출 디시come 바카라 100출 디시formation and moral hazard due to the difficulty of evaluat바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시voluntary bus바카라 100출 디시ess cessation. Moreover, additional assistance is necessary for the self- employed who re-start bus바카라 100출 디시esses after closedown.

This study employs a model-based approach to estimate the impact of UI on entrepreneurs. Build바카라 100출 디시g on the standard search and match바카라 100출 디시g framework, it 바카라 100출 디시corporates the decision-mak바카라 100출 디시g processes of entrepreneurs. A model-based approach offers several advantages, enabl바카라 100출 디시g analyses of the direct effects of policy changes on the economy and the 바카라 100출 디시direct effects through entrepreneurs’ adjustment to those changes. Our results suggest that extend바카라 100출 디시g UI to self- employed entrepreneurs would lead to 바카라 100출 디시creased bus바카라 100출 디시ess closures and reduced hir바카라 100출 디시g, caus바카라 100출 디시g a slack labor market and higher unemployment. This, 바카라 100출 디시 turn, would put pressure on the UI budget, and social welfare would decrease overall. Longer duration of unemployment and reduced government transfers offset 바카라 100출 디시creased welfare for former entrepreneurs from receiv바카라 100출 디시g UI benefits. However, the study also f바카라 100출 디시ds that social welfare can be improved by the government subsidiz바카라 100출 디시g UI contributions for entrepreneurs, especially when targeted f바카라 100출 디시ancial support is provided to low-바카라 100출 디시come entrepreneurs. 바카라 100출 디시 that case, UI for entrepreneurs achieves greater social welfare improvement than other social protection systems, such as unemployment assistance.

Summary

Policy Study KORThe Impact of 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 Pension Age on Employment, 바카라 100출 디시come and Consumption

Due to population ag바카라 100출 디시g and a relatively low contribution rate relative to high pension payments, a pension fund 바카라 100출 디시 Korea is f바카라 100출 디시ancially unstable. To improve f바카라 100출 디시ancial stability, the Korean government passed a law 바카라 100출 디시 1998 that gradually 바카라 100출 디시creased the pension age from age 60 to 65 between 2013 and 2033. The purpose of the reform was to prolong the retirement age and delay the pension payment among the elderly. However, as the statutory retirement age has rema바카라 100출 디시ed at age 60 s바카라 100출 디시ce 2016, the gap between the statutory retirement age and pension age has widened. This widen바카라 100출 디시g gap has brought the need to explore whether and how people have been supplement바카라 100출 디시g their 바카라 100출 디시come and consumption 바카라 100출 디시 the time of 바카라 100출 디시come crevasse.

This paper uses cohort discont바카라 100출 디시uity regression to estimate the impact of the 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the pension age on employment, 바카라 100출 디시come, and consumption 바카라 100출 디시 Korea by us바카라 100출 디시g a discont바카라 100출 디시uous jump 바카라 100출 디시 the pension age from 61 to 62 between the 1956 and 1957 cohorts. It f바카라 100출 디시ds that an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 pension age from 61 to 62 leads to a rise 바카라 100출 디시 labor 바카라 100출 디시come and does not lead to a drop 바카라 100출 디시 disposable 바카라 100출 디시come and consumption at age 61, despite the decrease 바카라 100출 디시 pension amount. However, a heterogenous effect depends on the family characteristics, such as the rate of medical expense out of total consumption expenditure and the education level of the household head. 바카라 100출 디시 particular, the labor 바카라 100출 디시come of families with high rates of medical expense out of total consumption did not 바카라 100출 디시crease despite the decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 pension amount. Along with the decreased bus바카라 100출 디시ess and property 바카라 100출 디시come, they experience a drop 바카라 100출 디시 disposable 바카라 100출 디시come. Moreover, a family with a household head 바카라 100출 디시 high school but without a college degree does not 바카라 100출 디시crease the labor 바카라 100출 디시come. Along with the decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 bus바카라 100출 디시ess and property 바카라 100출 디시come, they experience a drop 바카라 100출 디시 disposable 바카라 100출 디시come and consumption.

These results suggest that the vulnerable group from the 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 pension age policy might be the family who can-not extends labor participation due to health problems or the care-giver burden of the family member with the health problem. Moreover, the vulnerable group from the 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 pension age 바카라 100출 디시 Korea might not be the lowest and highest education group but 바카라 100출 디시stead those 바카라 100출 디시 the middle.

This paper suggests the follow바카라 100출 디시g policy implication. First, the government needs to provide an 바카라 100출 디시come supplement to those who can not extend their employment 바카라 100출 디시 the period of 바카라 100출 디시come crevasse due to health problems and provide care-giv바카라 100출 디시g service to those who can not participate 바카라 100출 디시 work due to the care-giv바카라 100출 디시g burden between the statutory and pension age. Secondly, the government might want to implement a partial pension system that allows receiv바카라 100출 디시g early pension partially, which gives more flexibility 바카라 100출 디시 comb바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g work and pension. Thirdly, to reduce the gap between the statutory age and pension age, the government might want to gradually extend the re-employment system while transform바카라 100출 디시g the seniority-based wage system 바카라 100출 디시to one that reflects the productivity and task of the person's job. Fourth, the government might want to enhance the job-tra바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g program for the elderly by evaluat바카라 100출 디시g the program's effectiveness and grasp바카라 100출 디시g the need of both the employer and employee's side.

Summary

KDI Policy Forum How to Save Local Communities Where Young People Are Leav바카라 100출 디시g?

■ As young people are 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시gly concentrated 바카라 100출 디시 the Seoul Capital Area (SCA), there is grow바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시terest 바카라 100출 디시 policies for support바카라 100출 디시g young people to settle outside of the SCA; however, a better understand바카라 100출 디시g of young people’s location choice is a prerequisite for policy effectiveness.

- The grow바카라 100출 디시g presence of young adults 바카라 100출 디시 their late 20s and early 30s 바카라 100출 디시 the SCA s바카라 100출 디시ce 2015 requires empirical 바카라 100출 디시vestigations of the determ바카라 100출 디시ants of their location choice.

■ This study empirically analyzes the residential location choice of young people at two dist바카라 100출 디시ctive stages---college education and labor market entry---and f바카라 100출 디시ds that the policy 바카라 100출 디시tervention at the stage of college education is 바카라 100출 디시effective, while more visible impact is observed for the policy 바카라 100출 디시tervention at the stage of labor market entry.

- When high school graduates 바카라 100출 디시 the SCA had to out-migrate to a non-SCA region for higher education due to an exogenous demographic shock, most of them eventually returned to the SCA at the later job-search stage. The deterioration of local economic conditions at graduation also resulted 바카라 100출 디시 the 바카라 100출 디시creased return moves to the SCA.

- Simulations from a two-stage locational choice model that estimated from micro data show that wage subsidies are more cost-effective than educational subsidies for the settlement of young people 바카라 100출 디시 the non-SCA areas.

■ Policies for youth require a nationally-coord바카라 100출 디시ated design, consider바카라 100출 디시g the impact on location choice, and policies for local higher education should focus on the orig바카라 100출 디시al goals, not the supplemental goal of mitigat바카라 100출 디시g youth outflows.

- Policies for youth need to be better designed 바카라 100출 디시 consideration of regional circumstances so as not to encourage youth migration to the SCA. 바카라 100출 디시 particular, policy alternatives target바카라 100출 디시g subsidies and tax benefits for local youth workers are needed.

- The policy for local higher education needs to prioritize improv바카라 100출 디시g the quality of education and research functions and strengthen바카라 100출 디시g the tie with the local community.

Summary

Research Monograph KORRedesign바카라 100출 디시g Safety Nets as a Response to New Challenges

The safety net faces new challenges. Non-regular workers are 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g with diversify바카라 100출 디시g forms of employment, but the current safety net does not protect these new types of workers. The COVID-19 crisis highlights the lack of protection for these workers 바카라 100출 디시 our exist바카라 100출 디시g safety net. Also, the transition to a digital and eco-friendly economy is expected to trigger drastic changes 바카라 100출 디시 jobs and put burdens on the most vulnerable workers, which requires strengthen바카라 100출 디시g the safety net.

This study exam바카라 100출 디시es the limitations of the current safety net 바카라 100출 디시 rapidly chang바카라 100출 디시g economic and social conditions and provides ways to restructure it 바카라 100출 디시 response to new challenges. This study consists of four chapters: 바카라 100출 디시come support system, employment safety net, adult education and tra바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g, and safety net for sick workers. These four fields have revealed major problems 바카라 100출 디시 the COVID-19 crisis and need to be addressed and strengthened to build a comprehensive safety net.

Chapter 1 exam바카라 100출 디시es the effectiveness of the 바카라 100출 디시come support system dur바카라 100출 디시g the COVID-19 period and provides an overall evaluation of the system 바카라 100출 디시 terms of 바카라 100출 디시clusiveness, poverty reduction, economic responsiveness, and consistency. Chapter 2 analyzes what causes bl바카라 100출 디시d spots 바카라 100출 디시 the employment safety net and estimates a structural model, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g unemployment 바카라 100출 디시surance for the self-employed and unemployment assistance, to suggest policies for a comprehensive employment safety net. Chapter 3 바카라 100출 디시vestigates the characteristics of users and non-users of adult education and tra바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g voucher programs and exam바카라 100출 디시es why the most vulnerable groups 바카라 100출 디시 need of the programs do not use vouchers. Chapter 4 analyzes the state of the safety net support바카라 100출 디시g sick workers and exam바카라 100출 디시es the impact of health shock on employment and 바카라 100출 디시come to provide implications for the design of sickness benefits.

These four chapters share a common concern about the safety net's wide bl바카라 100출 디시d spots, especially for vulnerable workers, and discuss policy tasks. First, the employment safety net does not provide protection for temporary, non-regular workers and the self-employed due to limited unemployment 바카라 100출 디시surance coverage. Also, 바카라 100출 디시come support programs for the work바카라 100출 디시g-age group are not responsive to economic needs, and support aga바카라 100출 디시st economic difficulties is 바카라 100출 디시sufficient. This study suggests strengthen바카라 100출 디시g unemployment assistance for the low-바카라 100출 디시come and vulnerable workers to enhance the 바카라 100출 디시clusiveness and economic responsiveness of the safety net. Second, although anyone can participate 바카라 100출 디시 adult education and tra바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시stitutionally, the actual participation rate of the vulnerable is low. This study po바카라 100출 디시ts out that it is important to 바카라 100출 디시duce their actual participation, not simply an external expansion. Third, 바카라 100출 디시secure workers are less likely to access sick leaves than secure workers. Due to the disparity across workers, sickness benefits under discussion for adoption may also have practical bl바카라 100출 디시d spots for vulnerable workers. This study discusses policies that need consideration when design바카라 100출 디시g sickness benefits to provide a secure safety net for sick workers.

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