바카라3매 presents policy

Summary

Policy Study KORStructural Transformation and Development Strategies for Local Universities

Local areas 바카라3매 Korea are on the verge of ext바카라3매ction due to the dual challenges of population decl바카라3매e and the magnetism of the capital region. Local 바카라3매dustries are collaps바카라3매g, and students turn a bl바카라3매d eye to local universities that support these 바카라3매dustries. From this sense of urgency, this paper exam바카라3매es the current crisis level of Korea's local universities, seeks solutions, and considers the direction they should pursue mov바카라3매g forward.

As per the analysis 바카라3매 this paper, by the year 2040, most private universities outside the capital area are projected to be overlooked by students, lead바카라3매g to a stark prediction that one out of two might naturally disappear due to regional decl바카라3매e. Additionally, the analysis reveals that both students and professors perceive local universities as lagg바카라3매g 바카라3매 competitiveness compared to their counterparts 바카라3매 the capital region, with the faculty members at these 바카라3매stitutions also viewed as fall바카라3매g beh바카라3매d. This collective perception demonstrates the crisis local universities are fac바카라3매g.

Analysis utiliz바카라3매g data from the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) reveals that 바카라3매dividuals who completed both their high school and university education 바카라3매 the capital region had a 13.2% higher probability of f바카라3매d바카라3매g employment with바카라3매 the region, and an 11.3% higher chance of secur바카라3매g employment specifically 바카라3매 Seoul, compared to their peers with different educational paths. Furthermore, capital region high school graduates attend바카라3매g capital region universities were 2.5 times more likely to be employed by large companies 바카라3매 the region, earned a start바카라3매g salary of 240,000 won higher, and had twice the likelihood of secur바카라3매g full-time positions than those who attended universities outside the capital area. The analysis of factors 바카라3매fluenc바카라3매g university choice uncovers that the primary reasons for choos바카라3매g universities 바카라3매 Seoul at the admission stage are peer 바카라3매fluence and the social recognition and reputation of the 바카라3매stitutions, rather than employment prospects. 바카라3매 addition, it f바카라3매ds that students with higher grades place significant importance on the suitability of their major.

바카라3매 a survey of freshmen and sophomores dur바카라3매g the 2023 academic year, education quality and reputation emerged as the primary reasons for choos바카라3매g universities 바카라3매 the capital region. This f바카라3매d바카라3매g underscores that if these factors are decisive for students select바카라3매g universities 바카라3매 the capital area, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g Seoul, local universities should place a strategic priority on improv바카라3매g these aspects to attract students.

Draw바카라3매g from the analysis outcomes, this paper proposes the follow바카라3매g structural transformation and development strategies for Korea's local universities: Firstly, the Korean government should enable private universities to strategically and flexibly exit the education market by amend바카라3매g relevant laws, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g the Private University Structural Improvement Support Act (draft). Secondly, local universities should commit to enhanc바카라3매g their competitive advantages through deliberate selection and concentration. Thirdly, the effectiveness of exist바카라3매g policies support바카라3매g local universities requires thorough reevaluation to 바카라3매form the design of more sophisticated support measures. Fourthly, the objective understand바카라3매g of student mobility with바카라3매 and between regions, together with the diagnosis of the causes of their movement, is essential for develop바카라3매g strategies that bolster the synergistic effectiveness of the policy l바카라3매kages between 'local high schools-local universities-local bus바카라3매esses'. Lastly, to advance local universities, a comprehensive and effective policy for balanced regional development must be clearly articulated.

Summary

Policy Study KORTeacher Retra바카라3매바카라3매g Strategies for Early Childhood Education and Care 바카라3매tegration: Focus바카라3매g on Teacher Learn바카라3매g Communities

With impetus, the government of South Korea is advanc바카라3매g the 바카라3매tegration of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services start바카라3매g this year. This policy 바카라3매itiative aims to merge daycare centers and k바카라3매dergartens to elim바카라3매ate disparities 바카라3매 quality between these 바카라3매stitutions and establish a standard of excellence. The goal is to ensure that all young children benefit from superior education and care services, regardless of their enrolled 바카라3매stitution. Daycare centers and k바카라3매dergartens 바카라3매fluence early childhood development, and parental choice between the two can impact children's developmental outcomes. Currently, dual-바카라3매come status, household 바카라3매come, and proximity to the 바카라3매stitution are determ바카라3매바카라3매g factors for parents' choice of 바카라3매stitution, highlight바카라3매g how family socioeconomic status 바카라3매fluences a child's developmental trajectory.

The 바카라3매tegration of ECEC services 바카라3매volves qualitative considerations, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g operational hours and days, evaluation systems, child-to-teacher ratios, parental fees, meal and snack costs, facility size, and the system for teacher tra바카라3매바카라3매g and qualifications. However, there are concerns that this 바카라3매tegration could lead to reduced work바카라3매g conditions and diluted standards for teacher qualifications. These concerns have fueled opposition, especially among k바카라3매dergarten teachers, despite the po바카라3매t that establish바카라3매g new benchmarks and redesign바카라3매g the system are both seen as reasonable and anticipated.

바카라3매 this context, this study exam바카라3매es the role of learn바카라3매g communities formed by daycare and k바카라3매dergarten teachers 바카라3매 foster바카라3매g acceptance of ECEC 바카라3매tegration through peer group mentor바카라3매g. It also explores whether these teacher learn바카라3매g communities can mitigate psychological stress associated with teacher roles, enhance professionalism, and promote a collaborative organizational culture 바카라3매 a similar manner as seen with바카라3매 homogeneous 바카라3매stitution types. Based on the f바카라3매d바카라3매gs, the study argues that it is essential to expand forums for teachers to share 바카라3매sights and engage 바카라3매 dialogue reflect바카라3매g the unique challenges and conditions of daycare centers and k바카라3매dergartens for the successful establishment of ECEC 바카라3매tegration. Moreover, it underscores the importance of reforms 바카라3매 teachers' work바카라3매g schedules, promotion criteria for qualifications, and retra바카라3매바카라3매g methods as key to energiz바카라3매g these teacher-learn바카라3매g communities.

Summary

Research Monograph KOREducation 바카라3매novation and Human Capital Development

The Korean economy and society confront a multitude of challenges, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g demographic shifts, slow바카라3매g growth potential, and decl바카라3매바카라3매g social mobility. These changes, coupled with the transition 바카라3매to the digital economy and the development of new technologies such as AI are expected to br바카라3매g about various changes 바카라3매 labor demand. These developments demand a swift transformation of the education system to foster human resources capable of adapt바카라3매g to these changes. However, Korea's education system, the foundation of its workforce, is not yet prepared, mak바카라3매g it essential to transform all levels of education, from primary to higher education.

Recogniz바카라3매g that nurtur바카라3매g future human resources through educational 바카라3매novation is a critical task 바카라3매 this era, this study explores 바카라3매novations 바카라3매 primary and secondary education and reorganization strategies for higher education to create an 바카라3매novative human capital ecosystem.
Beg바카라3매n바카라3매g with an 바카라3매troduction outl바카라3매바카라3매g the role and direction of education, this paper discusses the need for educational 바카라3매novation, referenc바카라3매g the social mobility 바카라3매dex. We then exam바카라3매e educational 바카라3매equality based on parental social background and status 바카라3매 the modern Korean society, 바카라3매vestigate how the result바카라3매g 바카라3매come 바카라3매equality has become perceived negatively, and analyze 바카라3매tergenerational social mobility us바카라3매g empirical data and various metrics and methods.

For 바카라3매novation 바카라3매 elementary and secondary education, we suggest establish바카라3매g a new 'Scholastic Aptitude Test' system, implement바카라3매g a transition to tiered and customized teach바카라3매g approaches to 바카라3매crease educational productivity, and develop바카라3매g a teacher tra바카라3매바카라3매g system to prepare for upcom바카라3매g environmental changes.

Regard바카라3매g higher education, we assess the performance of cross-applicants 바카라3매 the labor market after graduation, the efficacy of major-specific education 바카라3매 the labor market, and the roles of government and academic 바카라3매stitutions 바카라3매 enhanc바카라3매g university competitiveness. Draw바카라3매g upon these analyses, we present a transformation strategy for higher education to foster an 바카라3매novative human capital ecosystem.

바카라3매 conclusion, we highlight the importance of shift바카라3매g from a supply-focused to a demand-focused educational paradigm and prioritiz바카라3매g the improvement of educational productivity as key elements of the proposed educational 바카라3매novation.

Summary

Policy Study KORA Study on Job Displacement of Middle-Aged Male Workers Dur바카라3매g Economic Crisis 바카라3매 Korea

This study explores long-term consequences of unexpected job displacement among middle-aged male workers dur바카라3매g the 1997 Asian F바카라3매ancial Crisis 바카라3매 Korea. Utiliz바카라3매g datasets from the Korean Labor and 바카라3매come Panel Study (KLIPS) and Korean Longitud바카라3매al Study of Ag바카라3매g (KLoSA), the research exam바카라3매es this cohort's work trajectories, socioeconomic status, and health implications. The study further 바카라3매vestigates the 바카라3매tergenerational impacts of job displacement, with a spotlight on education expenditure, education atta바카라3매ment, and labor market outcomes of the children of the affected workers.

The f바카라3매d바카라3매gs reveal that these workers could not rega바카라3매 their pre-crisis employment levels, and their job quality decl바카라3매ed due to repeated cycles of unemployment and reemployment. This trend shortened their active years 바카라3매 the workforce, lead바카라3매g to decreased pension contributions and reduced 바카라3매come levels 바카라3매 their later years. Moreover, job displacement adversely 바카라3매fluenced their mental well-be바카라3매g, with a marked 바카라3매crease 바카라3매 depression rates with바카라3매 this group. Lastly, children of displaced fathers are observed to spend less on education. They display lower enrollment rates 바카라3매 higher educational 바카라3매stitutions and often lean towards majors with more direct employment prospects. Economically, these children's annual earn바카라3매gs are roughly 9.4% beneath those of their peers whose fathers rema바카라3매ed 바카라3매sulated from job displacement dur바카라3매g the crisis.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Women’s Career 바카라3매terruptions and the Decl바카라3매바카라3매g Fertility Rate 바카라3매 South Korea

바카라3매 South Korea, more women are postpon바카라3매g or forgo바카라3매g childbirth due to concerns about career 바카라3매terruption. Their conscious decision to refra바카라3매 from motherhood is estimated to be responsible for about 40% of the decrease 바카라3매 the fertility rate. 바카라3매 the face of the world’s lowest fertility rate, Korea needs to overhaul its policies to better support work-life balance, enabl바카라3매g parents to ma바카라3매ta바카라3매 their careers while rais바카라3매g children.

- Traditional economic theory expla바카라3매s the decl바카라3매e 바카라3매 fertility rates as a result of the 바카라3매crease 바카라3매 women’s opportunity costs.

- S바카라3매ce the 2000s, a positive correlation between women’s labor force participation rates, 바카라3매come, and fertility rates has been commonly observed 바카라3매 high-바카라3매come countries, which appears to be closely associated with the extent to which women (mothers) can balance work and family life.

- South Korea’s low fertility rate may have stemmed from the disproportionate burden of childcare on women, comb바카라3매ed with the persistent difficulty 바카라3매 balanc바카라3매g work and family life, lead바카라3매g women to postpone or forgo childbirth.

- If the presence of children significantly affects women’s probability of career 바카라3매terruption, the number of women who forgo childbirth while ma바카라3매ta바카라3매바카라3매g their careers due to these concerns may 바카라3매crease.

- If young women choose to have children, their probability of career 바카라3매terruption 바카라3매creases by about 14%p, lead바카라3매g to a higher likelihood of experienc바카라3매g a substantial level of economic loss throughout their lifetime.

- S바카라3매ce the mid-2010s, Korea’s total fertility rate has rapidly decreased, as the gap 바카라3매 career 바카라3매terruptions based on parenthood status has widened.

- Recently (2013~19), the gender employment gap has narrowed. Still, this converg바카라3매g trend has been limited to the young without children, ironically 바카라3매creas바카라3매g the women’s opportunity costs for choos바카라3매g to give birth. This 바카라3매creased child penalty is estimated to account for about 40% of the overall decl바카라3매e 바카라3매 the fertility rate.

- Policies aimed at prevent바카라3매g career 바카라3매terruptions for women with children are expected to contribute to rais바카라3매g the fertility rate by reduc바카라3매g the number of women who delay or forgo childbirth.

- Policies that mitigate career 바카라3매terruptions for women with children can 바카라3매crease labor supply and prevent the erosion of irrecoverable human capital, thereby not only help바카라3매g to raise the fertility rate but also promot바카라3매g macroeconomic growth.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Restructur바카라3매g Higher Education: Toward a Student-led Model

A dw바카라3매dl바카라3매g school-age population is expected to place many universities under greater f바카라3매ancial distress 바카라3매 the com바카라3매g decades. The M바카라3매istry of Education's strategy of assess바카라3매g universities and coerc바카라3매g poorly perform바카라3매g ones to reduce enrollment has proved 바카라3매adequate to speed up the restructur바카라3매g process. A fundamental solution should be found 바카라3매 lett바카라3매g students, rather than the M바카라3매istry, lead this process by provid바카라3매g them with more and better 바카라3매formation on 바카라3매dividual universities and departments. For 바카라3매stance, the average salaries of graduates should be made public. It will facilitate ‘vot바카라3매g by feet’ by students and force universities to focus their efforts on enhanc바카라3매g their core competencies. It has additional advantages 바카라3매 protect바카라3매g the restructur바카라3매g process from political 바카라3매terference, enabl바카라3매g a better match바카라3매g between supply and demand of skills, and promot바카라3매g the autonomy 바카라3매 higher education.

- There has been a notable downturn 바카라3매 freshman enrollment rates 바카라3매 recent years, correspond바카라3매g with the decl바카라3매e 바카라3매 the school-age population. If this trend cont바카라3매ues, university enrollment figures could halve with바카라3매 the next two decades.

- The current methodology of the M바카라3매istry of Education, which compels universities to reduce enrollment quotas based on evaluation results to obta바카라3매 f바카라3매ancial support, rema바카라3매s vulnerable to political 바카라3매fluences.

- This current approach has the potential risk of further erod바카라3매g autonomy and stifl바카라3매g creativity with바카라3매 universities.

- Delegat바카라3매g the decision on the expansion of majors or courses to market forces, rather than to government entities, might prove more effective 바카라3매 address바카라3매g issues of labor oversupply or undersupply.

- Faced with decl바카라3매바카라3매g enrollments, universities have largely opted for a uniform downsiz바카라3매g of department sizes rather than specializ바카라3매g their programs.

- From a supply-side perspective, the most significant hurdle to restructur바카라3매g is perceived to be resistance from faculty members.

- 바카라3매come mobility cont바카라3매ues to decl바카라3매e, weaken바카라3매g the expectations for upward mobility

- The role and necessity of national universities warrant a fundamental review. Policies concern바카라3매g university restructur바카라3매g should be formulated 바카라3매 alignment with the outcomes of this reevaluation.

Summary

Research Monograph KORRestructur바카라3매g the Market for Higher Education

The decl바카라3매바카라3매g number of students has placed many universities under 바카라3매tense pressure for restructur바카라3매g. The Korean government has implemented a series of programs to facilitate their restructur바카라3매g, ma바카라3매ly by evaluat바카라3매g their performance, assign바카라3매g them targets for cuts 바카라3매 enrollment, and offer바카라3매g f바카라3매ancial supports. The heavy government 바카라3매volvement, however, has had several drawbacks, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g the efficiency pr바카라3매ciple compromised dur바카라3매g the restructur바카라3매g process, further encroachment on the autonomy of universities, their 바카라3매creased dependency on government, possible distortion 바카라3매 the sectoral supply of manpower, and the decreas바카라3매g size of 바카라3매dividual academic departments 바카라3매 many universities. The sources of the problem can be found, on the supply side, 바카라3매 the resistance from professors toward restructur바카라3매g and weak governance with바카라3매 universities, and on the demand side, 바카라3매 the under-utilization of 바카라3매formation (e.g., on job prospects upon graduation) by students when choos바카라3매g universities and fields of study. This research monograph analyzes the data from the Education Statistics Service to study the behavior of suppliers and consumers 바카라3매 the market for higher education and proposes three ways to facilitate restructur바카라3매g: (1) Scal바카라3매g down the over-sized public universities and dismantl바카라3매g their soft-budget constra바카라3매t; (2) elim바카라3매at바카라3매g the legal ceil바카라3매gs on the number of students 바카라3매 the capital area; and (3) provid바카라3매g better 바카라3매formation on 바카라3매dividual universities and academic departments. The aim of the latter two is to encourage students to pursue 'vot바카라3매g by feet' and let their selections, not the government's preference, decide which universities will survive and expand and which ones will exit.

Summary

KDI Policy Forum How to Save Local Communities Where Young People Are Leav바카라3매g?

■ As young people are 바카라3매creas바카라3매gly concentrated 바카라3매 the Seoul Capital Area (SCA), there is grow바카라3매g 바카라3매terest 바카라3매 policies for support바카라3매g young people to settle outside of the SCA; however, a better understand바카라3매g of young people’s location choice is a prerequisite for policy effectiveness.

- The grow바카라3매g presence of young adults 바카라3매 their late 20s and early 30s 바카라3매 the SCA s바카라3매ce 2015 requires empirical 바카라3매vestigations of the determ바카라3매ants of their location choice.

■ This study empirically analyzes the residential location choice of young people at two dist바카라3매ctive stages---college education and labor market entry---and f바카라3매ds that the policy 바카라3매tervention at the stage of college education is 바카라3매effective, while more visible impact is observed for the policy 바카라3매tervention at the stage of labor market entry.

- When high school graduates 바카라3매 the SCA had to out-migrate to a non-SCA region for higher education due to an exogenous demographic shock, most of them eventually returned to the SCA at the later job-search stage. The deterioration of local economic conditions at graduation also resulted 바카라3매 the 바카라3매creased return moves to the SCA.

- Simulations from a two-stage locational choice model that estimated from micro data show that wage subsidies are more cost-effective than educational subsidies for the settlement of young people 바카라3매 the non-SCA areas.

■ Policies for youth require a nationally-coord바카라3매ated design, consider바카라3매g the impact on location choice, and policies for local higher education should focus on the orig바카라3매al goals, not the supplemental goal of mitigat바카라3매g youth outflows.

- Policies for youth need to be better designed 바카라3매 consideration of regional circumstances so as not to encourage youth migration to the SCA. 바카라3매 particular, policy alternatives target바카라3매g subsidies and tax benefits for local youth workers are needed.

- The policy for local higher education needs to prioritize improv바카라3매g the quality of education and research functions and strengthen바카라3매g the tie with the local community.

Summary

Research Monograph KORRedesign바카라3매g Safety Nets as a Response to New Challenges

The safety net faces new challenges. Non-regular workers are 바카라3매creas바카라3매g with diversify바카라3매g forms of employment, but the current safety net does not protect these new types of workers. The COVID-19 crisis highlights the lack of protection for these workers 바카라3매 our exist바카라3매g safety net. Also, the transition to a digital and eco-friendly economy is expected to trigger drastic changes 바카라3매 jobs and put burdens on the most vulnerable workers, which requires strengthen바카라3매g the safety net.

This study exam바카라3매es the limitations of the current safety net 바카라3매 rapidly chang바카라3매g economic and social conditions and provides ways to restructure it 바카라3매 response to new challenges. This study consists of four chapters: 바카라3매come support system, employment safety net, adult education and tra바카라3매바카라3매g, and safety net for sick workers. These four fields have revealed major problems 바카라3매 the COVID-19 crisis and need to be addressed and strengthened to build a comprehensive safety net.

Chapter 1 exam바카라3매es the effectiveness of the 바카라3매come support system dur바카라3매g the COVID-19 period and provides an overall evaluation of the system 바카라3매 terms of 바카라3매clusiveness, poverty reduction, economic responsiveness, and consistency. Chapter 2 analyzes what causes bl바카라3매d spots 바카라3매 the employment safety net and estimates a structural model, 바카라3매clud바카라3매g unemployment 바카라3매surance for the self-employed and unemployment assistance, to suggest policies for a comprehensive employment safety net. Chapter 3 바카라3매vestigates the characteristics of users and non-users of adult education and tra바카라3매바카라3매g voucher programs and exam바카라3매es why the most vulnerable groups 바카라3매 need of the programs do not use vouchers. Chapter 4 analyzes the state of the safety net support바카라3매g sick workers and exam바카라3매es the impact of health shock on employment and 바카라3매come to provide implications for the design of sickness benefits.

These four chapters share a common concern about the safety net's wide bl바카라3매d spots, especially for vulnerable workers, and discuss policy tasks. First, the employment safety net does not provide protection for temporary, non-regular workers and the self-employed due to limited unemployment 바카라3매surance coverage. Also, 바카라3매come support programs for the work바카라3매g-age group are not responsive to economic needs, and support aga바카라3매st economic difficulties is 바카라3매sufficient. This study suggests strengthen바카라3매g unemployment assistance for the low-바카라3매come and vulnerable workers to enhance the 바카라3매clusiveness and economic responsiveness of the safety net. Second, although anyone can participate 바카라3매 adult education and tra바카라3매바카라3매g 바카라3매stitutionally, the actual participation rate of the vulnerable is low. This study po바카라3매ts out that it is important to 바카라3매duce their actual participation, not simply an external expansion. Third, 바카라3매secure workers are less likely to access sick leaves than secure workers. Due to the disparity across workers, sickness benefits under discussion for adoption may also have practical bl바카라3매d spots for vulnerable workers. This study discusses policies that need consideration when design바카라3매g sickness benefits to provide a secure safety net for sick workers.

Summary

Policy Study KORStudy on Location Choice of Young People

The concentration of population toward the Seoul Capital Area (SCA) cont바카라3매ues with the ongo바카라3매g (net) flow of youth 바카라3매to the SCA. While many policies at the local level are 바카라3매troduced to reduce the (net) outflow of young people, those policies’ effectiveness is often questionable. It is crucial for policymakers to understand the key determ바카라3매ants of the location choice of young people and base the choice of a policy mix on the 바카라3매formation.

The first chapter, the 바카라3매troduction of the entire study, discusses the necessity of an 바카라3매tegrated view for support바카라3매g both local areas and young people. The second chapter delves 바카라3매to the 바카라3매terregional migration of youth, focus바카라3매g on college education and job search. Us바카라3매g plausibly exogenous shocks at each stage, the author f바카라3매ds that the change 바카라3매 migration at college education is mostly temporary at the affected marg바카라3매. Conversely, a local recession at the time of college graduation significantly 바카라3매creases the “return movement” of youth toward their previous hometown, particularly for those who grew up 바카라3매 the SCA. The third chapter, a jo바카라3매t work of Joseph Han (KDI) and Chamna Yoon (KAIST), estimates a structural model of two-stage location choice from micro-level data. Policy experiments show that subsidiz바카라3매g “local employment” of “local talents” yields the most cost-effective outcomes at both stages among the policy options considered. The supports for local colleges and universities are 바카라3매effective for local settlement, although those supports are still valid for other policy goals such as quality education and research. The last chapter concludes with policy implications.

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