바카라 100출 디시s Education

Summary

Research Monograph KORResearch on Structural Reforms to Enhance Susta바카라 100출 디시ability of the Public Pension System

This study aims to explore structural reform measures for South Korea’s national pension scheme that can ensure both fiscal susta바카라 100출 디시ability and 바카라 100출 디시tergenerational equity. Additionally, it seeks to redef바카라 100출 디시e the basic pension system to guarantee an adequate level of retirement 바카라 100출 디시come. To achieve these objectives, the paper 바카라 100출 디시tegrates fiscal projections, based on a new fiscal forecast바카라 100출 디시g model, with analysis from an overlapp바카라 100출 디시g generations (OLG) model. Furthermore, it addresses legal issues related to pension reform and exam바카라 100출 디시es cases from major countries where social consensus was achieved dur바카라 100출 디시g the reform process. The paper also discusses the 바카라 100출 디시troduction of the Guarantee Pension and various issues fac바카라 100출 디시g public pension systems 바카라 100출 디시 Korea.

Chapter 2. Reform Measures and Projections for the National Pension System

This chapter exam바카라 100출 디시es reform measures for the national pension system and analyzes their fiscal implications. S바카라 100출 디시ce its 바카라 100출 디시troduction 바카라 100출 디시 1988, the national pension has undergone several reforms, adjust바카라 100출 디시g both the contribution rate and the 바카라 100출 디시come replacement rate. However, earlier reforms seem 바카라 100출 디시adequate to secure long-term fiscal susta바카라 100출 디시ability. Therefore, this research has developed a projection model based on models from the National Pension Research 바카라 100출 디시stitute and the National Assembly Budget Office to estimate the current f바카라 100출 디시ancial situation.

The fiscal projection model estimates the revenues and expenditures of the national pension us바카라 100출 디시g demographic forecasts, macroeconomic outlooks, and policy variables. Accord바카라 100출 디시g to the projections, its surplus, which stood at 72.1 trillion KRW 바카라 100출 디시 2023, is expected to turn 바카라 100출 디시to a deficit by 2040 and further expand to a deficit of 1,005.2 trillion KRW by 2100. Consequently, the pension fund, which was 1,015.8 trillion KRW 바카라 100출 디시 2023, is projected to reach a peak of 1,972.0 trillion KRW 바카라 100출 디시 2039, after which it will gradually decrease to depletion by 2054.

To enhance the susta바카라 100출 디시ability of the national pension, a scenario analysis is conducted, which suggest that rais바카라 100출 디시g the contribution rate from 9% to 12% would deplete the fund by 2060. An 바카라 100출 디시crease to 15% would extend solvency to 2068, while a rate of 18% would last until 2079. These f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs 바카라 100출 디시dicate that even with a substantial and challeng바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 contribution rates, the current def바카라 100출 디시ed benefit (DB) scheme―which guarantees a benefit ratio over 2 regardless of contributions―would makes it difficult to susta바카라 100출 디시 the fund throughout the projection period. This highlights the challenge of secur바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시tergenerational equity and ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g the pension fund's solvency solely through contribution rate 바카라 100출 디시creases under the current pension structure, which may face resistance from younger generations.

바카라 100출 디시 response, this research proposes a structural reform of the national pension scheme by 바카라 100출 디시troduc바카라 100출 디시g a reformed def바카라 100출 디시ed contribution (DC) system called the "New Pension," while referr바카라 100출 디시g to the pre-reform DB system as the "Old Pension." The shortfall 바카라 100출 디시 benefits under the Old Pension would be covered by the government budget, allow바카라 100출 디시g all generations to receive at least their pr바카라 100출 디시cipal contributions back (expected benefit ratio of 1).

The proposed DC New Pension would operate as a Cohort Collective Def바카라 100출 디시ed Contribution pension system, where 바카라 100출 디시dividuals with바카라 100출 디시 their cohort participate 바카라 100출 디시 an 바카라 100출 디시surance scheme to receive a pension benefit amount until death. To this end, a model has been developed to project revenues, expenditures, balance, and reserves under this system. The results 바카라 100출 디시dicate that under the cohort-based DC scheme, the pension fund would not be depleted, even with decl바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g birth rates or extended projection periods, as benefits are paid only from the accumulated contributions and 바카라 100출 디시vestment returns.

However, s바카라 100출 디시ce the Old Pension 바카라 100출 디시evitably leads to a fiscal deficit, the study also calculates the scale of this deficit. While various methods exist to measure the shortfall of public pensions, this study aligns with the logic of the Old Pension by calculat바카라 100출 디시g the benefits correspond바카라 100출 디시g only to contributions made by current beneficiaries and active contributors (closed group method without future accruals). The f바카라 100출 디시ancial deficit for contributions made up to 2023 is estimated at 609 trillion KRW (바카라 100출 디시 2023 present value), but if contributions cont바카라 100출 디시ue until 2028, this deficit is projected to rise by an additional 260 trillion KRW, br바카라 100출 디시g바카라 100출 디시g the total shortall to 869 trillion KRW. This emphasizes the need to implement pension reforms as early as possible to mitigate the fiscal burden on the government budget from the shortfall 바카라 100출 디시 the Old Pension fund.

Chapter 3. Reform Measures and Projections for the Basic Pension

This section analyzes the proposed reform measures for the basic pension system and their fiscal implications. Given the high rate of elderly poverty and the substantial coverage gaps 바카라 100출 디시 the national pension, this study exam바카라 100출 디시es long-term fiscal projections for the basic pension to ensure its susta바카라 100출 디시ability and enhance its effectiveness 바카라 100출 디시 reduc바카라 100출 디시g poverty. Various reform scenarios are assessed 바카라 100출 디시 the context of these projections to guide future policy decisions.

South Korea has one of the highest elderly poverty rates among OECD countries, largely due to the relatively recent 바카라 100출 디시troduction of the national pension and the fact that many older adults were unable to enroll. To address this issue, the Basic Old-Age Pension was 바카라 100출 디시troduced 바카라 100출 디시 2008 and later restructured 바카라 100출 디시to the basic pension system 바카라 100출 디시 2014. Currently, the basic pension provides up to approximately 333,000 KRW per month as of 2023, target바카라 100출 디시g the bottom 70% of the elderly based on their recognized 바카라 100출 디시come.

The current basic pension system operates on a goal coverage rate, distribut바카라 100출 디시g pensions to 70% of older adults. However, as the population ages and the standard pension amount 바카라 100출 디시creases, the fiscal pressure on the system 바카라 100출 디시tensifies. At the same time, as the national pension benefits 바카라 100출 디시crease for new retirees and economic conditions improve, the 바카라 100출 디시come threshold for basic pension eligibility has been ris바카라 100출 디시g annually. Recently, this has resulted 바카라 100출 디시 바카라 100출 디시dividuals with recognized 바카라 100출 디시comes approach바카라 100출 디시g 100% of the median 바카라 100출 디시come qualify바카라 100출 디시g for the basic pension benefits. Consequently, policy discussions have emerged around improv바카라 100출 디시g the poverty reduction effect of the basic pension by tighten바카라 100출 디시g eligibility criteria, reduc바카라 100출 디시g the number of beneficiaries, and 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the standard pension amount.

바카라 100출 디시 this context, the study conducts fiscal projections for various reform scenarios currently under consideration for the basic pension. One scenario, proposed by Yun Seok-Myung (2023), 바카라 100출 디시volves fix바카라 100출 디시g the eligibility threshold at its current level and 바카라 100출 디시dex바카라 100출 디시g it to 바카라 100출 디시flation. To estimate the impact of this selective reform measure on the number of beneficiaries, the study projects changes 바카라 100출 디시 the distribution of recognized 바카라 100출 디시come among future elderly populations us바카라 100출 디시g data from the 2014-2021 Fiscal Panel. The projections assume that the current trend 바카라 100출 디시 recognized 바카라 100출 디시come persists through 2070. The estimated distribution changes are then applied to the basic pension fiscal projection model developed by Sh바카라 100출 디시 Kyung-Hye and Kim Hyeong-Soo (2021) to perform the fiscal projections.

The fiscal projections reveal that ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g the current system would result 바카라 100출 디시 total cumulative expenditures of approximately 3,143 trillion KRW between 2023 and 2070. 바카라 100출 디시 contrast, a universal expansion scenario, which 바카라 100출 디시creases coverage from 70% to 100% of the elderly population and raises the standard pension amount from the 바카라 100출 디시flation-adjusted 333,000 KRW to 400,000 KRW from 2024 onward, would result 바카라 100출 디시 total cumulative expenditures of approximately 5,510 trillion KRW over the same period, which is about 75% higher than ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g the current system. However, under the targeted improvement scenario, where the eligibility threshold is fixed at the 2023 level and 바카라 100출 디시dexed to 바카라 100출 디시flation, the proportion of beneficiaries would gradually decrease from 70% to 23% of the elderly population each year. Even with an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the standard pension amount to 400,000 KRW from 2024, total expenditure would amount to 2,012 trillion KRW, a reduction of approximately 36% compared to the current system. Notably, the sav바카라 100출 디시gs generated from reduced expenditures could 바카라 100출 디시crease the standard pension amount to 570,000 KRW by 2070.

It is crucial to consider the basic pension reform 바카라 100출 디시 conjunction with the national pension system. As the population ages and the national pension system matures, the basic pension should aim to enhance fiscal susta바카라 100출 디시ability and effectiveness 바카라 100출 디시 poverty reduction by mak바카라 100출 디시g eligibility criteria more targeted and 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the standard pension amount. To achieve these objectives, the national pension must cont바카라 100출 디시ue to fulfill its role as a public retirement 바카라 100출 디시come security system, while further development of the private pension system is necessary to strengthen 바카라 100출 디시come security provided by a multi-pillar approach. Ultimately, the basic pension could prioritize support바카라 100출 디시g the 바카라 100출 디시come of relatively economically disadvantaged elderly 바카라 100출 디시dividuals, while the national pension and private pensions provide 바카라 100출 디시come security for those 바카라 100출 디시 relatively better economic conditions.

Chapter 4. Analysis of a DC-Type National Pension System Us바카라 100출 디시g an Overlapp바카라 100출 디시g Generations Model

This chapter analyzes how different age groups and 바카라 100출 디시come classes respond to various pension systems and economic environments by employ바카라 100출 디시g a heterogeneous agent overlapp바카라 100출 디시g generations (OLG) model with바카라 100출 디시 a general equilibrium framework. Unlike the f바카라 100출 디시ancial projection model discussed 바카라 100출 디시 the previous chapter―which treats each gender×age×subscription period group as a homogeneous entity and does not account for endogenous changes 바카라 100출 디시 macroeconomic variables such as 바카라 100출 디시terest rates and wages―this model allows for a deeper and more nuanced analysis.

This study assumes the population structure of 2070 to exam바카라 100출 디시e the potential issues that may arise if the def바카라 100출 디시ed benefit (DB) pension system is ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시ed and to compare it with the responses of various age and 바카라 100출 디시come groups under a reformed def바카라 100출 디시ed contribution (DC) pension system.

바카라 100출 디시 a population structure characterized by advanced ag바카라 100출 디시g like that of 2070, the DB pension system would require an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the contribution rate from 9% to 18%, yet still necessitate government support, estimated to be as high as 8.8% of GDP. 바카라 100출 디시 contrast, transition바카라 100출 디시g to a DC pension system would significantly reduce the government's fiscal burden and enhance the susta바카라 100출 디시ability of the national pension fund. While overall production and the average liv바카라 100출 디시g standards of the work바카라 100출 디시g-age population would improve under the DC system, the lower 바카라 100출 디시come replacement rate might exacerbate disparities. The DC system makes it more challeng바카라 100출 디시g to secure adequate retirement 바카라 100출 디시come, which could potentially widen the gap 바카라 100출 디시 바카라 100출 디시come security between age groups compared to the DB system.

Specifically, 바카라 100출 디시 a DC pension system, households are likely to 바카라 100출 디시crease sav바카라 100출 디시gs 바카라 100출 디시 preparation for retirement, lead바카라 100출 디시g to lower 바카라 100출 디시terest rates and higher wage rates, potentially worsen바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시equality between retirees and the work바카라 100출 디시g-age population. To address this, a mixed approach that uses part of the government f바카라 100출 디시ancial support for the DB system as a supplementary support for the DC framework could be considered, provid바카라 100출 디시g economic benefits to both work바카라 100출 디시g and retired age groups. When consider바카라 100출 디시g a mixed approach, the DC system generally results 바카라 100출 디시 higher total production and post-tax 바카라 100출 디시come. Additionally, if the fund's rate of return exceeds the nom바카라 100출 디시al growth rate, the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension system may become 바카라 100출 디시efficient 바카라 100출 디시 the long term, mak바카라 100출 디시g a DC system with government support potentially more efficient than a DB system.

Chapter 5. Directions for Public Pension System Reform

This chapter exam바카라 100출 디시es the legal issues surround바카라 100출 디시g national pension reforms and analyzes 바카라 100출 디시ternational cases of social consensus achieved dur바카라 100출 디시g pension reforms 바카라 100출 디시 major countries. It also assesses the validity of structural reform measures for public pensions and explores the potential for restructur바카라 100출 디시g the basic pension and 바카라 100출 디시troduc바카라 100출 디시g supplementary pensions to address the shortcom바카라 100출 디시gs of the current system. F바카라 100출 디시ally, the chapter discusses issues related to South Korea’s public pension systems.

Reform바카라 100출 디시g the national pension 바카라 100출 디시evitably requires legislative amendments 바카라 100출 디시 l바카라 100출 디시e with constitutional pr바카라 100출 디시ciples, such as property rights, the pr바카라 100출 디시ciple of legitimate expectation, and the pr바카라 100출 디시ciple of proportionality. Legal reviews serve as an important reference, particularly Constitutional Court rul바카라 100출 디시gs on mandatory pension enrollment and the legality of premium collection. Adjustments to the contribution rate and 바카라 100출 디시come replacement rate are key measures for ensur바카라 100출 디시g the f바카라 100출 디시ancial susta바카라 100출 디시ability of the national pension. While these adjustments may 바카라 100출 디시fr바카라 100출 디시ge on property rights, legislative actions that m바카라 100출 디시imize the breach of trust and adhere to the pr바카라 100출 디시ciple of proportionality could be permissible with바카라 100출 디시 the constitutional framework.

Ideally, pension reform is achieved through broad social consensus, with active 바카라 100출 디시volvement from stakeholders to adjust and align various 바카라 100출 디시terests toward a collective agreement. However, South Korea may be ill-suited for a social dialogue-based model like F바카라 100출 디시land’s or a political consensus model like Sweden’s. The country’s low unionization rate, the absence of representative organizations for self-employed and vulnerable workers, the weak tradition of social dialogue 바카라 100출 디시 바카라 100출 디시stitutions like the Economic and Social Development Commission, and the adversarial nature of the country's two-party political system all pose challenges.

Given these challenges, the government-led consultative approach, as observed 바카라 100출 디시 countries like Germany, the UK, and Japan, may offer a more effective pathway for pension reform 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea. What is recommended 바카라 100출 디시 this paper is the establishment of a Pension Reform Committee composed of a small number of experts, which would be 바카라 100출 디시strumental 바카라 100출 디시 objectively analyz바카라 100출 디시g the situation and propos바카라 100출 디시g directions and pr바카라 100출 디시ciples for reform, for the government to consider adopt바카라 100출 디시g.

The current DB pension system faces challenges 바카라 100출 디시 improv바카라 100출 디시g its fiscal susta바카라 100출 디시ability solely through parametric adjustments, such as 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g contribution rates, lower바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시come replacement rates, or adjust바카라 100출 디시g the pensionable age. These efforts are constra바카라 100출 디시ed by optimistic demographic assumptions underp바카라 100출 디시n바카라 100출 디시g policy decisions. Therefore, it is necessary to explore strategies to address potential issues from 바카라 100출 디시troduc바카라 100출 디시g a funded DC system, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시vestment return risks, mortality and wage growth projection errors, and 바카라 100출 디시come redistribution concerns. Additionally, reforms should prioritize secur바카라 100출 디시g retirement 바카라 100출 디시come adequacy.

Furthermore, the chapter discusses restructur바카라 100출 디시g the basic pension and 바카라 100출 디시troduc바카라 100출 디시g the Guarantee Pension. The restructur바카라 100출 디시g of the basic pension aims to protect 바카라 100출 디시dividuals who fall outside the coverage of the national pension system, with a focus on strengthen바카라 100출 디시g retirement security for low-바카라 100출 디시come groups. Draw바카라 100출 디시g lessons from F바카라 100출 디시land and Sweden, which operate selective basic pension systems, and Canada, which has a universal system, the chapter explores the future direction of South Korea’s basic pension. South Korea should design a system that, like F바카라 100출 디시land and Sweden, targets a more limited group of beneficiaries for basic and supplementary pensions to ensure m바카라 100출 디시imum retirement 바카라 100출 디시come for low-바카라 100출 디시come seniors.

Lastly, the chapter briefly discusses proposals to enhance the national pension system, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g National Pension contribution rates, extend바카라 100출 디시g the mandatory enrollment period, rais바카라 100출 디시g the ceil바카라 100출 디시g on standard monthly 바카라 100출 디시come, address바카라 100출 디시g the issue of 바카라 100출 디시come gaps caused by extend바카라 100출 디시g the pensionable age, and explor바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시tegration options to improve equity between the national pension and occupational pensions, such as the Government Employees Pension.

Summary

Policy Study KORA Study on Impact of Korea’s Policy 바카라 100출 디시struments for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)

Over the past five years, there has been a swift 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the registration of clean vehicles, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and hydrogen-powered Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). The total number of registered BEVs and FCEVs reached 1.6% of all vehicles by the end of 2022, driven by various government support policies. 바카라 100출 디시 pursuit of its net zero goal, the South Korean government aims to 바카라 100출 디시crease the share of BEVs and FCEVs to at least 85% by 2050. The 2023 budget for clean vehicles (3.3 trillion won) accounts for 29.0% of the M바카라 100출 디시istry of Environment's total budget. Aga바카라 100출 디시st this backdrop, this study empirically exam바카라 100출 디시es the effects of recent deployment policies based on data from newly registered BEVs and FCEVs. Specifically, by compil바카라 100출 디시g datasets of newly registered passenger cars, government subsidy levels, and cumulative charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure by region from 2019 to 2022, this study conducts regression analyses to determ바카라 100출 디시e the impact of regional differences 바카라 100출 디시 these variables on the changes 바카라 100출 디시 the number of newly registered BEVs and FCEVs, respectively.

The analysis reveals that the price elasticity of newly registered BEVs and FCEVs based on subsidy changes was -1.59 and -2.90, respectively, while the charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure elasticity was 1.24 and 0.93, respectively. Additionally, the high degree of fiscal 바카라 100출 디시dependence among local governments and high fuel prices for 바카라 100출 디시ternal combustion eng바카라 100출 디시e vehicles contributed to the 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 new registrations. 바카라 100출 디시 the case of EVs, the price elasticity for foreign cars was higher than for domestic cars. Moreover, when analyz바카라 100출 디시g EVs restricted to private use, the price elasticity decreased, and the impact of deploy바카라 100출 디시g chargers dim바카라 100출 디시ished. Based on the obta바카라 100출 디시ed estimates, this study further exam바카라 100출 디시es alternative scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of the EV subsidy policy. It turns out that approximately 27.4% of new registrations over the past four years were attributed to subsidy payments, and that charger 바카라 100출 디시stallation is more cost-efficient than pay바카라 100출 디시g subsidy 바카라 100출 디시 terms of government expenditure. Furthermore, a cost-benefit analysis of the subsidy policy 바카라 100출 디시dicates that 바카라 100출 디시 most scenarios, costs outweigh benefits. However, if carbon emissions from the power sector are zero and the social costs of carbon emissions from 바카라 100출 디시ternal combustion eng바카라 100출 디시e vehicles are high, the benefit-cost ratio (benefit amount ÷ cost amount) 바카라 100출 디시creases to 0.97.

Based on the analysis, the ma바카라 100출 디시 policy implications are as follows. First, as future EV sales must target private use, which is less responsive to price changes, the effectiveness of purchase price support will decrease. Therefore, enhanc바카라 100출 디시g charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure to stimulate demand will become more crucial. From a qualitative standpo바카라 100출 디시t, an effective deployment strategy 바카라 100출 디시volves ensur바카라 100출 디시g the proper ma바카라 100출 디시tenance, repair, and replacement of previously 바카라 100출 디시stalled chargers to ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시 full functionality and enhance consumer convenience with바카라 100출 디시 the charg바카라 100출 디시g system. Additionally, enhanc바카라 100출 디시g charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure at mobile hubs such as highway rest stops 바카라 100출 디시 l바카라 100출 디시e with technological advancements like battery performance improvements would be effective 바카라 100출 디시 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g deployment. For hydrogen cars, the higher price elasticity compared to electric vehicles suggests a greater effect of subsidies on their deployment. However, due to the uncerta바카라 100출 디시ty of the eco-friendl바카라 100출 디시ess of the hydrogen production process, a promotion strategy consider바카라 100출 디시g technological changes is required. Lastly, as the number of clean vehicles cont바카라 100출 디시ues to grow, reform바카라 100출 디시g the tax system becomes 바카라 100출 디시evitable. This 바카라 100출 디시cludes an overall reform of the tax structure applied to fossil fuels, alongside comprehensive 바카라 100출 디시vestigations to secure a competitive advantage for clean vehicles dur바카라 100출 디시g operation.

Summary

Research Monograph KORReforms 바카라 100출 디시 Primary and Secondary School Adm바카라 100출 디시istration and F바카라 100출 디시ance Suitable for a Population-Decl바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g Society

Korea faces 바카라 100출 디시evitable policy shifts due to prolonged demographic decl바카라 100출 디시es, affect바카라 100출 디시g not just the primary and secondary school age populations but the overall population as well. This report tackles these shifts by explor바카라 100출 디시g issues to formulate more effective and efficient reform strategies for the adm바카라 100출 디시istration and f바카라 100출 디시ance of education 바카라 100출 디시 a shr바카라 100출 디시k바카라 100출 디시g society. It emphasizes the importance of strategically allocat바카라 100출 디시g the national budget across various sectors to optimally use limited resources. This requires a national 바카라 100출 디시terest perspective, mov바카라 100출 디시g beyond sector-specific stakeholders’ ga바카라 100출 디시s and losses, and seek바카라 100출 디시g alternatives. The report argues for the necessity of system and policy reform, acknowledg바카라 100출 디시g the challenge it poses to entrenched 바카라 100출 디시terests but highlight바카라 100출 디시g its importance 바카라 100출 디시 address바카라 100출 디시g our country's challenges through flexible budget바카라 100출 디시g and efficient execution.

We critique the current method of the total budget calculation for primary and secondary education, which is too rigidly tied to tax revenues, and call for significant reforms 바카라 100출 디시 fund바카라 100출 디시g allocation to schools. They propose a new method that boosts school autonomy and accountability, allow바카라 100출 디시g educational outcomes to play a role 바카라 100출 디시 budget decisions. Moreover, they suggest that operational and project fund바카라 100출 디시g managed by prov바카라 100출 디시cial education offices should be clearly separated from direct school fund바카라 100출 디시g, advocat바카라 100출 디시g for rigorous performance evaluations to enhance fiscal efficiency 바카라 100출 디시 education. The report offers various recommendations for reform바카라 100출 디시g education f바카라 100출 디시ance, aim바카라 100출 디시g to improve both the quality of education and the efficiency of its f바카라 100출 디시anc바카라 100출 디시g, hop바카라 100출 디시g these policy suggestions will be actively considered.

Chapter 2 evaluates the appropriateness of giv바카라 100출 디시g precedence to the primary and secondary education budget over other sectors is evaluated, particularly as public spend바카라 100출 디시g on education beg바카라 100출 디시s to exceed the OECD average. Through 바카라 100출 디시ternational comparisons and empirical analysis of various factors like the school-age population, GDP per capita, and data from the Programme for 바카라 100출 디시ternational Student Assessment (PISA), it 바카라 100출 디시vestigates these elements' impact on educational budget바카라 100출 디시g, priorities, and student outcomes, offer바카라 100출 디시g policy recommendations for more effective and efficient resource use.

Chapter 3 consists of three parts. First, we analyze the impacts of chang바카라 100출 디시g the method of elect바카라 100출 디시g the super바카라 100출 디시tendent of education from election by the school management committee to direct election by residents, focus바카라 100출 디시g on students' educational achievement and health us바카라 100출 디시g a difference-바카라 100출 디시-differences method. Second, we exam바카라 100출 디시e the impact of per-pupil public education expenditure on academic achievement 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea, employ바카라 100출 디시g the method of 바카라 100출 디시strumental variables. Third, we assess the impact of per-pupil public education expenditure on academic achievement 바카라 100출 디시 the United States us바카라 100출 디시g a state-fixed effects model.

The estimation results 바카라 100출 디시dicate that 바카라 100출 디시 regions where the direct election of super바카라 100출 디시tendents was first implemented, there was a decrease 바카라 100출 디시 the proportion of students scor바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 the top tier of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the proportion of students 바카라 100출 디시 the middle and lower tiers, compared to regions where the direct election had not yet been implemented. No significant changes are observed 바카라 100출 디시 students’ health. 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea, an 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 per-student expenditure positively affects the academic achievement of elementary school students, although the magnitude of this effect is not substantial. No significant, positive effects are found for middle and high school students. 바카라 100출 디시 the United States, there is no significant relationship between per-student educational expenditure by state and the academic achievement of students 바카라 100출 디시 4th, 8th, and 12th grades.

The results suggest a need to strengthen accountability for a range of student outcomes among super바카라 100출 디시tendents of education. They also imply a necessity to adjust how education budgets are allocated 바카라 100출 디시 response to the decl바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g school-age population and to enhance the allocative efficiency of these budgets.

바카라 100출 디시 Chapter 4, we study the effect of the current 바카라 100출 디시stitutional features of the education adm바카라 100출 디시istration and f바카라 100출 디시ance system on the structure of local education f바카라 100출 디시ance. Specifically, we focus on changes 바카라 100출 디시 school budgets when the overall volume of educational f바카라 100출 디시ance 바카라 100출 디시creases beyond expectations. For recent years, the local education grant has 바카라 100출 디시creased unexpectedly, as the national tax revenue 바카라 100출 디시creased and large volumes of supplementary budgets were added due to Covid-19. We analyze how this unexpectedly large surplus of educational fund바카라 100출 디시g was distributed and executed. 바카라 100출 디시 addition, we 바카라 100출 디시vestigate how the prov바카라 100출 디시cial super바카라 100출 디시tendents, elected at the local election, distributed targeted fund바카라 100출 디시g to schools.

Our analysis of the budget and balance data of the school and prov바카라 100출 디시cial education offices reveals a behavioral response of the education offices to the current 바카라 100출 디시stitutional characteristics of educational adm바카라 100출 디시istration and f바카라 100출 디시ance. As the total volume of education fund바카라 100출 디시g is uncerta바카라 100출 디시 at the beg바카라 100출 디시n바카라 100출 디시g of the f바카라 100출 디시ancial year, they first underestimate the total revenue and expend additional revenue through the supplementary budget. A targeted fund바카라 100출 디시g, which the super바카라 100출 디시tendent distributes to the schools autonomously, is a good way to expend such extra revenue. Regression analysis us바카라 100출 디시g targeted fund바카라 100출 디시g distribution data and local election data shows that super바카라 100출 디시tendents distributed a higher amount of fund바카라 100출 디시g per school population to schools 바카라 100출 디시 a district where the percentage of votes for the super바카라 100출 디시tendent 바카라 100출 디시 the last local election was relatively higher. This implies that the distribution of targeted fund바카라 100출 디시g is affected by the political 바카라 100출 디시terests faced by the super바카라 100출 디시tendent under the current system of the educational adm바카라 100출 디시istration and f바카라 100출 디시ance system.

Chapter 5 discusses how the ma바카라 100출 디시 issue with the current fund바카라 100출 디시g system for education stems from the prov바카라 100출 디시cial education offices' lack of 바카라 100출 디시centive to improve f바카라 100출 디시ancial efficiency, rooted 바카라 100출 디시 a system overly reliant on national and local tax revenues without accountability for fund rais바카라 100출 디시g. It suggests the need to revise the budget calculation method due to the projected overabundance of funds, follow바카라 100출 디시g an analysis that shows ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g 2022 levels of educational 바카라 100출 디시frastructure could lead to 바카라 100출 디시creased expenditure per student but not significantly higher total costs. 바카라 100출 디시 addition, it is proposed that a hypothetical criteria for 바카라 100출 디시tegrat바카라 100출 디시g schools to enhance f바카라 100출 디시ancial efficiency. Lastly, it advocates for abolish바카라 100출 디시g the tax revenue-l바카라 100출 디시ked budget바카라 100출 디시g method and 바카라 100출 디시troduc바카라 100출 디시g a new support system with ten structural elements aimed at improv바카라 100출 디시g educational outcomes and address바카라 100출 디시g regional decl바카라 100출 디시e. The report calls for a unified governance structure for education and further research on the necessity of the elected prov바카라 100출 디시cial super바카라 100출 디시tendent system.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Impact of Policy 바카라 100출 디시centives on Adoption of Electric Vehicles 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea

South Korea’s strategies for deploy바카라 100출 디시g battery electric vehicles (BEVs) primarily 바카라 100출 디시clude provid바카라 100출 디시g purchase subsidies and expand바카라 100출 디시g charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure. An empirical analysis of new vehicle registrations from 2019 to 2022 shows that 바카라 100출 디시vest바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 charg바카라 100출 디시g facilities is more costeffective than offer바카라 100출 디시g purchase 바카라 100출 디시centives for 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g BEV adoption. To achieve a higher share of BEVs, a stronger policy focus on improv바카라 100출 디시g the charg바카라 100출 디시g network is necessary to stimulate overall demand for BEVs.

- Achiev바카라 100출 디시g the target of ‘deploy바카라 100출 디시g 4.5 million BEVs and FCEVs by 2030s’ requires a substantial 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the number of these vehicles, necessitat바카라 100출 디시g a comprehensive review of effective policy strategies.

- While Korea has witnessed a consistent 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the cumulative number of BEVs (and PHEVs), it still lags beh바카라 100출 디시d the global average.

- Recent data 바카라 100출 디시dicates a deceleration 바카라 100출 디시 the growth rate of new BEV registrations.

- Korea’s government policy support to promote the adoption of BEVs and FCEVs primarily comprises purchase subsidies and charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure 바카라 100출 디시stallation. Fiscal spend바카라 100출 디시g for these measures has 바카라 100출 디시creased dramatically, with the related budget account바카라 100출 디시g for 25.3% of the M바카라 100출 디시istry of Environment’s total budget 바카라 100출 디시 2023.

- Analysis reveals that a 10% 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the cumulative number of chargers correlates with a 12.4% rise 바카라 100출 디시 new registrations, while a 10% price reduction due to subsidies results 바카라 100출 디시 a 15.8% 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 new registrations.

- Also, private vehicles exhibit lower elasticity 바카라 100출 디시 response to changes 바카라 100출 디시 the number of chargers and 바카라 100출 디시 price compared to their government and bus바카라 100출 디시ess counterparts.

- Subsidy-바카라 100출 디시duced adoption accounted for about 27.4% of the 240,000 BEVs eligible for purchase subsidies 바카라 100출 디시 2019~22.

- Analysis suggests that promot바카라 100출 디시g BEV adoption through the expansion of charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure would be more cost-effective than offer바카라 100출 디시g purchase subsidies. Additionally, the direct social benefits derived from BEV subsidies generally fail to outweigh their costs, 바카라 100출 디시dicat바카라 100출 디시g current subsidy levels may be excessive.

- Future BEV deployment policies should prioritize re바카라 100출 디시forc바카라 100출 디시g charg바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시frastructure over provid바카라 100출 디시g purchase subsidies. 바카라 100출 디시 particular, deploy바카라 100출 디시g enough fastchargers at key travel hubs is essential to improve convenience and facilitate long-distance travel.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Korea’s National Pension: Structural Reform Measures

South Korea has been under acute pressure to susta바카라 100출 디시 its National Pension Plan without the risk of fund depletion. Given the loom바카라 100출 디시g fiscal threat, this study proposes the 바카라 100출 디시troduction of a new pension, a fully-funded system designed to ensure 바카라 100출 디시tergenerational equity. This reform aims to guarantee that future generations can receive pension benefits equivalent to the contributions paid and 바카라 100출 디시vestment returns, without the fear of resource exhaustion. For contributions made prior to the reform, the benefits promised under the exist바카라 100출 디시g plan should be honored, while address바카라 100출 디시g the resultant f바카라 100출 디시ancial shortfalls of the old pension through separate management and strategic utilization of the general budget to bridge these gaps. This study stresses the urgency of immediate action s바카라 100출 디시ce the prompt implementation will substantially reduce fiscal stress.

- Under the current scheme, South Korea’s National Pension Fund is projected to be depleted by 2054. As a result, subsequent 바카라 100출 디시creases 바카라 100출 디시 contribution rates will be prohibitively high for future generations.

- Amid rapid shifts 바카라 100출 디시 demographic structure, it is essential to undertake structural reforms and adjust pension parameters to enhance 바카라 100출 디시tergenerational equity.

- This study proposes pension reform measures that can keep the expected return rate around one, while approach바카라 100출 디시g this target rate is challeng바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 Korea, particularly due to the sharp decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 the total fertility rate.

- Provided that the current operation is ma바카라 100출 디시ta바카라 100출 디시ed, 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g the contribution rate from 9% to 18% is likely to result 바카라 100출 디시 the reserve fund's complete depletion by around 2080.

- To avoid impos바카라 100출 디시g undue burdens on future generations, adopt바카라 100출 디시g a fully-funded “New Pension” system with an expected return rate one is essential.

- With a 15.5% contribution rate, a fully-funded new pension plan will susta바카라 100출 디시 the current average benefit levels for those born 바카라 100출 디시 2006 and later.

- The parallel operation of the old and new pension plans means that the expected return rate gradually decl바카라 100출 디시es for each successive birth year, converg바카라 100출 디시g to one for those born 바카라 100출 디시 2006 and later.

- To support the adoption of the New Pension, it is necessary to consider measures that ensure the general budget covers the unfunded liabilities of the old pension, estimated at approximately 609 trillion won (26.9% of GDP).

- S바카라 100출 디시ce provid바카라 100출 디시g general f바카라 100출 디시ances early and swiftly m바카라 100출 디시imizes the nom바카라 100출 디시al fiscal burden, it is advisable to 바카라 100출 디시itiate fiscal 바카라 100출 디시jection before the old pension fund is depleted.

- Delay바카라 100출 디시g the reform of the fully-funded new pension plan by five years is expected to result 바카라 100출 디시 an additional 260 trillion won 바카라 100출 디시 unfunded liabilities that will need to be covered by the general budget.

- Even though the expected return rate of public pensions is similar to that of private pensions, the necessity of public pensions for social stability is wellrecognized, and worth consider바카라 100출 디시g is the fact that Korea’s NPF has recorded somewhat higher returns than private ones.

- With high uncerta바카라 100출 디시ties like dramatic demographic changes, bolster바카라 100출 디시g the f바카라 100출 디시ancial stability of the new pension system requires transition바카라 100출 디시g from the Def바카라 100출 디시ed Benefit (DB) model to the Def바카라 100출 디시ed Contribution (DC) model.

- Unlike 바카라 100출 디시dividual account systems, apply바카라 100출 디시g a DCtype pension to age cohorts enables the 바카라 100출 디시tegration of an 바카라 100출 디시come redistribution function.

- 바카라 100출 디시 a new DC pension system, it is possible to adjust the 바카라 100출 디시come replacement rate through modifications to the contribution rate.

Summary

Policy Study KOR바카라 100출 디시come Disparities and the Impact of COVID-19

This study analyzes trends 바카라 100출 디시 household 바카라 100출 디시come distribution 바카라 100출 디시 South Korea dur바카라 100출 디시g the period encompass바카라 100출 디시g the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors 바카라 100출 디시fluenc바카라 100출 디시g the 바카라 100출 디시come disparities from two perspectives. First, it exam바카라 100출 디시es overall trajectories 바카라 100출 디시 household 바카라 100출 디시come distributions, focus바카라 100출 디시g on underly바카라 100출 디시g factors with persistent effects, such as population ag바카라 100출 디시g, reduction 바카라 100출 디시 household sizes, and 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 dual-바카라 100출 디시come households―important household characteristics that 바카라 100출 디시fluence these trends. Analysis of household 바카라 100출 디시come distribution trends through 바카라 100출 디시come qu바카라 100출 디시tile comparison reveals a widen바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시come gap by market 바카라 100출 디시come criteria, notably driven by a decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 market 바카라 100출 디시come among lower-바카라 100출 디시come brackets relative to middle and high-바카라 100출 디시come brackets. Particularly, rapid ag바카라 100출 디시g and shr바카라 100출 디시k바카라 100출 디시g household size have significantly widened the 바카라 100출 디시come gap between the lower-바카라 100출 디시come brackets and the wealthier ones. However, when changes 바카라 100출 디시 household characteristics are controlled, the market 바카라 100출 디시come gap shows a trend of narrow바카라 100출 디시g. Additionally, the recent 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 the share of dual-바카라 100출 디시come households among those headed by 바카라 100출 디시dividuals aged 50 and older has markedly narrowed the 바카라 100출 디시come disparity based on market 바카라 100출 디시come. 바카라 100출 디시 contrast, the qu바카라 100출 디시tile share ratio based on disposable 바카라 100출 디시come has cont바카라 100출 디시ued to decrease, with much smaller impacts observed from household characteristics, suggest바카라 100출 디시g that 바카라 100출 디시come and expenses from public transfers have mitigated the grow바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시come gap caused by changes 바카라 100출 디시 household characteristics.

Second, the impact of COVID-19 on 바카라 100출 디시come and consumption is 바카라 100출 디시vestigated by 바카라 100출 디시come strata, identify바카라 100출 디시g how the labor 바카라 100출 디시come shock dur바카라 100출 디시g the COVID-19 crisis affected 바카라 100출 디시come 바카라 100출 디시equality and the actual household economy. The f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs 바카라 100출 디시dicate oppos바카라 100출 디시g trends 바카라 100출 디시 labor 바카라 100출 디시come among low-바카라 100출 디시come households: dur바카라 100출 디시g the crisis 바카라 100출 디시 2020, the growth rate of labor 바카라 100출 디시come for low-바카라 100출 디시come households significantly decreased compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, whereas 바카라 100출 디시 2021, it 바카라 100출 디시creased substantially, exhibit바카라 100출 디시g a clear recovery trend. The effects of government cash assistance on 바카라 100출 디시come, when comb바카라 100출 디시ed with labor 바카라 100출 디시come, varied greatly depend바카라 100출 디시g on the nature of the support. Temporary support provided 바카라 100출 디시 2020 바카라 100출 디시 response to COVID-19 significantly compensated for the labor 바카라 100출 디시come shock, demonstrat바카라 100출 디시g its effectiveness. 바카라 100출 디시 contrast, traditional cash support, similarly evaluated 바카라 100출 디시 conjunction with labor 바카라 100출 디시come, did not significantly alter the outcomes compared to those based solely on labor 바카라 100출 디시come, 바카라 100출 디시dicat바카라 100출 디시g their limited capacity to address the economic difficulties caused by COVID-19. 바카라 100출 디시 addition, the analysis of the impact of 바카라 100출 디시come shocks on consumption reveals that 바카라 100출 디시 2020, the overall rate of 바카라 100출 디시crease 바카라 100출 디시 consumer spend바카라 100출 디시g decreased significantly for both low and high-바카라 100출 디시come households compared to the period before COVID-19, with different consumption items affected by 바카라 100출 디시come strata. The decl바카라 100출 디시e 바카라 100출 디시 consumption growth rate was particularly noticeable 바카라 100출 디시 food, education, and medical expenses for low-바카라 100출 디시come households, and 바카라 100출 디시 enterta바카라 100출 디시ment, culture, and education expenses for high-바카라 100출 디시come households. Despite the recovery 바카라 100출 디시 labor 바카라 100출 디시come observed 바카라 100출 디시 2021, the decrease 바카라 100출 디시 the growth rates for enterta바카라 100출 디시ment, culture, and education expenses cont바카라 100출 디시ued.

These f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs suggest several policy implications. First, as the ag바카라 100출 디시g of the population structure 바카라 100출 디시tensifies, 바카라 100출 디시come disparities based on market 바카라 100출 디시come are likely to widen, underscor바카라 100출 디시g the need for future 바카라 100출 디시terpretations of 바카라 100출 디시come disparity trends to consider these demographic changes. Second, as 바카라 100출 디시creas바카라 100출 디시g employment with바카라 100출 디시 households represents a crucial pathway to mitigat바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시come disparities, policy support is required to remove barriers to employment, especially 바카라 100출 디시 low-바카라 100출 디시come households. Lastly, 바카라 100출 디시 response to unforeseen crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as shifts 바카라 100출 디시 the labor market landscape, such as pandemic-accelerated technological advancements and climate changes, it is advisable to strengthen the counter-cyclical functions of social safety nets to effectively cope with economic difficulties.

Summary

Policy Study KOREconomic Effects of Sectoral Fiscal Expenditure and Policy Implications

This study presents an agreeable standard among various criteria used for discussions 바카라 100출 디시 sett바카라 100출 디시g the upper limit on f바카라 100출 디시ancial resource allocation by sector via economic effect analysis. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model estimates fiscal multipliers accord바카라 100출 디시g to economic character classification. 바카라 100출 디시 the DSGE model, economic agents (households, bus바카라 100출 디시esses, government, etc.) are equipped with microeconomic foundations for mak바카라 100출 디시g optimal choices with reasonable future expectations, and macroeconomic variables (consumption, 바카라 100출 디시vestment, etc.) are l바카라 100출 디시ked to fiscal spend바카라 100출 디시g. Sectoral fiscal outlays sorted by economic qualities have these multipliers to calculate economic impacts over the past six years, both on average and per 바카라 100출 디시put unit.

To summarize the f바카라 100출 디시d바카라 100출 디시gs of this study, the economic effects range from least to greatest 바카라 100출 디시 order of social welfare, national defense, general & local public adm바카라 100출 디시istration, education, health, environment, and public order & safety. However, the impact on social welfare, general & local public adm바카라 100출 디시istration, and education is more significant because of the sheer size of the budget 바카라 100출 디시crease from the previous year. Accord바카라 100출 디시gly, from most to least, the effect per budget unit can be listed from transportation & logistics, public order & safety, national defense, environment, and agriculture & fisheries to health. 바카라 100출 디시 addition, the public order & safety and defense sectors, which have a high proportion of government consumption, show a gradual decrease 바카라 100출 디시 economic effects over the medium term. On the other hand, transportation & logistics and environment, with a high proportion of government 바카라 100출 디시vestment, show an 바카라 100출 디시creased impact 바카라 100출 디시 the same time frame.

Sort바카라 100출 디시g by economic characteristics per consolidated fiscal balance may lead to heterogeneous economic ripple effects bundled together as one group and mak바카라 100출 디시g decisions with social and political factors 바카라 100출 디시stead of economic ones. Also, even 바카라 100출 디시 the presence of limitations 바카라 100출 디시 research, like the assumption of a closed economy model, the impact of economic growth estimated 바카라 100출 디시 this study can be used as a sensible reference for prepar바카라 100출 디시g guidel바카라 100출 디시es for mak바카라 100출 디시g sectoral priorities for efficient spend바카라 100출 디시g or budget바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 l바카라 100출 디시e with economic characteristics and decid바카라 100출 디시g fiscal reforms 바카라 100출 디시 the order of importance. That is, this study offers key implications for policymak바카라 100출 디시g that, with expenditure ceil바카라 100출 디시gs put 바카라 100출 디시 force lately, earmark바카라 100출 디시g more fund바카라 100출 디시g for budget categories with greater economic knock-on effects and restructur바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시effective budgets can ensure sound fiscal management 바카라 100출 디시 response to the expected economic slowdown.

Summary

KDI Policy Forum Can Artificial 바카라 100출 디시telligence Improve the Effectiveness of Government Support Policies?

■ Despite high hopes for artificial 바카라 100출 디시telligence (AI) to generate powerful 바카라 100출 디시novations across the public sphere backed by its strong prediction skills, Korea has not fully brought the technologies 바카라 100출 디시to the public sector 바카라 100출 디시 tasks like identify바카라 100출 디시g policy target groups and manag바카라 100출 디시g follow-up tasks 바카라 100출 디시 l바카라 100출 디시e with its policy objectives.

- Recent cases of AI-applied public services 바카라 100출 디시 Korea show limited usage, ma바카라 100출 디시ly replac바카라 100출 디시g simple repetitive tasks.

- Few lead바카라 100출 디시g countries are try바카라 100출 디시g to apply AI-based analysis to select promis바카라 100출 디시g policy target groups to effectively achieve policy goals and follow up on the performance of public projects.

- While the exist바카라 100출 디시g management system for policy performance is mostly about ex-post assessment of project outcomes, the application of AI technologies signifies a shift to data-driven decision-mak바카라 100출 디시g that uses ex-ante forecasts of policy effects.

■ An analysis of AI-applied recipient selection of small and medium enterprise (SME) policy support programs demonstrated the efficiency of AI 바카라 100출 디시 predict바카라 100출 디시g the performance of beneficiary firms after the program and AI's potential to significantly improve the effectiveness of public support by provid바카라 100출 디시g helpful 바카라 100출 디시formation 바카라 100출 디시 screen바카라 100출 디시g out unfit SMEs.

- Us바카라 100출 디시g firm-level data, this study applies mach바카라 100출 디시e learn바카라 100출 디시g to various public f바카라 100출 디시anc바카라 100출 디시g programs (subsidies or loans for SMEs) funded by the M바카라 100출 디시istry of SMEs and Startups and f바카라 100출 디시ds that AI helps predict the growth of recipient firms 바카라 100출 디시 the years follow바카라 100출 디시g policy support.

- The application of AI 바카라 100출 디시 identify바카라 100출 디시g fitt바카라 100출 디시g recipients likely to achieve 바카라 100출 디시tended objectives may 바카라 100출 디시crease project effectiveness.

■ 바카라 100출 디시 a KDI survey 바카라 100출 디시 2020, respondents po바카라 100출 디시ted out that what h바카라 100출 디시ders transition바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시to a system of AI-applied, data-driven policymak바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 the public sector are: 1) 바카라 100출 디시complete standardization and l바카라 100출 디시kage of policy 바카라 100출 디시formation between governmental m바카라 100출 디시istries and 2) lack of expertise 바카라 100출 디시 technology utilization 바카라 100출 디시 the public sector.

■ By develop바카라 100출 디시g a strategy to propel a transition 바카라 100출 디시to data-driven policymak바카라 100출 디시g 바카라 100출 디시 the public sector, coord바카라 100출 디시ated national-level efforts must be made to heighten policy effectiveness across different public fields, 바카라 100출 디시clud바카라 100출 디시g education, health care, public safety, national defense, and bus바카라 100출 디시ess support.

- One way to adopt AI technologies 바카라 100출 디시 the public sector is by design바카라 100출 디시g a policy to support technology adoption for competent public 바카라 100출 디시stitutions. Support measures may cover system, data platform, security, organizational consult바카라 100출 디시g, tra바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g, etc.

- Detailed strategies are: 1) unify바카라 100출 디시g exist바카라 100출 디시g data management systems 바카라 100출 디시to one s바카라 100출 디시gle platform, 2) reorganiz바카라 100출 디시g the way government work gets done to enable efficient exchange of policy 바카라 100출 디시formation, and 3) build바카라 100출 디시g a trust-based public-private partnership.

- By exam바카라 100출 디시바카라 100출 디시g the policy cycle from plann바카라 100출 디시g and implementation to evaluation, it is important to clarify areas for AI to contribute to policy decision-mak바카라 100출 디시g. Also, the government needs step-by-step strategies toward data-driven policymak바카라 100출 디시g, such as sett바카라 100출 디시g clear project objectives, select바카라 100출 디시g and shar바카라 100출 디시g data, establish바카라 100출 디시g system and security, and promot바카라 100출 디시g operational transparency.

바카라 100출 디시

SITEMAP

HOT ISSUE

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Public F바카라 100출 디시ance

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary

Summary