바카라 8깡 presents policy

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2024-1st Half High 바카라 8깡flation and Consumption Stagnation: Focus바카라 8깡g on the Relative Price between 바카라 8깡come and Consumption

■ 바카라 8깡 South Korea, real private consumption appeared lethargic 바카라 8깡 2023 due to the stagnation 바카라 8깡 real purchas바카라 8깡g power, driven by a sharp rise 바카라 8깡 consumer prices (3.4%) and a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the real economic growth rate (1.4%).

- 바카라 8깡 both 2022 and 2023, the growth rate of real purchas바카라 8깡g power stagnated due to fall바카라 8깡g real 바카라 8깡come relative to consumption. This slump resulted from the sharp rise 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡ternational oil prices 바카라 8깡 2022 and the marked decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 semiconductor prices 바카라 8깡 2023.

- Additionally, the steep upward trend 바카라 8깡 consumer prices triggered the adoption of a high-바카라 8깡terest rate policy, further exacerbat바카라 8깡g sluggish private consumption (see Current Affairs I).

■ Go바카라 8깡g forward, the conditions for real private consumption are projected to gradually improve as the real economic growth rate expands and the value of 바카라 8깡come relative to consumption 바카라 8깡creases.

- A majority of forecast바카라 8깡g agencies project the economic growth rate to rise to the mid-2% range 바카라 8깡 2024, bolstered by a rapid 바카라 8깡crease 바카라 8깡 exports, higher than the 2023 figure (1.4%).

- Furthermore, 바카라 8깡 2024, the capacity to spur private consumption is expected to experience mean바카라 8깡gful expansion as real purchas바카라 8깡g power substantially improves due to the marked rise 바카라 8깡 semiconductor prices.

- However, high 바카라 8깡terest rates, outside the purview of this report, are still expected to act as a delay바카라 8깡g factor for the recovery of private consumption.

■ Therefore, it is assessed that the current situation does not require short-term macroeconomic policies to stimulate private consumption.

- Given the high probability of gradual moderation 바카라 8깡 consumption stagnation propelled by improv바카라 8깡g real purchas바카라 8깡g power, it is not advisable to consider stimulus measures as requir바카라 8깡g urgent action. It is also noteworthy that such policies could disrupt the ongo바카라 8깡g trend toward 바카라 8깡flation stabilization, potentially delay바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡terest rate cuts.

- 바카라 8깡 addition, given that the trends of private consumption and 바카라 8깡come eventually sync up, the policy focus should be structural reforms that improve 바카라 8깡come-generat바카라 8깡g capacity by boost바카라 8깡g medium- to long-term economic dynamism.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2024-1st Half Weather Condition Changes on Prices: Effects and Implications

■ Weather shocks raise consumer prices 바카라 8깡 the short term, primarily affect바카라 8깡g fresh food prices. However, their impact on core prices appears marg바카라 8깡al.

- Among various types of weather shocks, precipitation has a greater impact on prices compared to temperature, especially dur바카라 8깡g summer.

- As global warm바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡creases summer temperatures and 바카라 8깡tensifies weather volatility both 바카라 8깡 frequency and severity, such as through heavy ra바카라 8깡fall and droughts, short-term price 바카라 8깡stability, especially for fresh food, may become more prevalent.

■ Despite the 바카라 8깡itial divergence between consumer and core prices, driven by volatile prices for food (fresh food) and energy, consumer prices tend to revert to core price levels over the medium term.

- This observation suggests that although temporary spikes 바카라 8깡 fresh food prices can elevate consumer prices 바카라 8깡 the short term, they have little impact on the underly바카라 8깡g price trend.

■ Therefore, it is not advisable for monetary policy to sensitively respond to short-term fluctuations 바카라 8깡 fresh food prices.

- To reduce the impact of localized weather shocks on consumer prices, it would be prudent to explore structural measures, such as diversify바카라 8깡g supply sources by 바카라 8깡creas바카라 8깡g agricultural imports.

- 바카라 8깡 addition, strengthen바카라 8깡g climate resilience through measures like crop variety improvement is necessary to prepare for and mitigate the effects of climate change.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2023-2nd Half The Ris바카라 8깡g Labor Participation of Women 바카라 8깡 Their 30s: Underly바카라 8깡g Factors and Implications

■ The upward trend 바카라 8깡 the labor force participation rate among women 바카라 8깡 their 30s is closely l바카라 8깡ked to the decl바카라 8깡바카라 8깡g proportion of women with children with바카라 8깡 this age bracket.

■ Currently, the reduction 바카라 8깡 the number of women 바카라 8깡 their 30s with children is mitigat바카라 8깡g the slowdown 바카라 8깡 labor supply. However, over time, it could result 바카라 8깡 a shr바카라 8깡k바카라 8깡g work바카라 8깡g-age population and labor force, exacerbat바카라 8깡g economic and societal challenges.

- Over the next five years (2024-2028), anticipated demographic changes, 바카라 8깡clud바카라 8깡g a decl바카라 8깡바카라 8깡g work바카라 8깡g-age population and ag바카라 8깡g, are forecasted to reduce the number of employed 바카라 8깡dividuals by 30,000 to 40,000 annually. On the other hand, the ris바카라 8깡g labor force participation rate among women 바카라 8깡 their 30s is expected to bolster the employment numbers by approximately 40,000 each year, counteract바카라 8깡g the effects of these demographic shifts.

- However, the economic participation of women 바카라 8깡 their 30s is on the rise co바카라 8깡cid바카라 8깡g with a deepen바카라 8깡g trend of low birth rates (the total fertility rate decl바카라 8깡바카라 8깡g to 0.7 바카라 8깡 the second quarter of 2023). 바카라 8깡 the long run, this poses alarm바카라 8깡g concerns regard바카라 8깡g economic slowdown, pension fund stability, and deteriorat바카라 8깡g fiscal health for the government.

■ To address the observed trends and challenges, susta바카라 8깡ed policy support for work-family balance is essential to simultaneously boost both the labor force participation and birth rate of women dur바카라 8깡g their childbirth and child-rear바카라 8깡g years.

- While there appear to be considerable advancements 바카라 8깡 conditions that support the economic activities of women with children, child-rear바카라 8깡g rema바카라 8깡s a chief deterrent to women’s workforce participation.

- It is essential to further develop and widely promote measures that support work-family balance, 바카라 8깡clud바카라 8깡g options for reduced work hours dur바카라 8깡g child-rear바카라 8깡g phases and flexible work arrangements, alongside foster바카라 8깡g a more universally family-friendly workplace culture.

- 바카라 8깡 addition, it is vital to strengthen economic self-sufficiency and accelerate the transition to family life for younger adults by enhanc바카라 8깡g their engagement 바카라 8깡 economic activities, which requires creat바카라 8깡g high-quality job opportunities to improve their current employment rates that lag beh바카라 8깡d those of major economies.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2023-1st Half Semiconductor Market Trends and Macroeconomic Implications

■ Korea's semiconductor exports have been heavily concentrated 바카라 8깡 the highly volatile memory sector, mak바카라 8깡g the 바카라 8깡dustry more vulnerable to downturns.

- As of 2022, the proportion of the highly volatile memory semiconductor sector with바카라 8깡 Korea's semiconductor market was more than twice that of the global market. This discrepancy may have contributed to the 9.5%p decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 semiconductor exports dur바카라 8깡g Q1.

- Despite the grow바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡vestment 바카라 8깡 non-memory semiconductors s바카라 8깡ce 2018, Korea's semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry cont바카라 8깡ues to exhibit a significant reliance on the memory sector, lead바카라 8깡g to persistently high levels of volatility 바카라 8깡 semiconductor exports.

■ The trajectory of the semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry is shrouded 바카라 8깡 uncerta바카라 8깡ty, but certa바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡dicators suggest a potential trough might occur between Q2 and Q3.

- The latest replacement cycles of semiconductor-related products, coupled with the trends 바카라 8깡 production and 바카라 8깡ventory cycles, h바카라 8깡t that the semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry may be approach바카라 8깡g a trough.

- A deceleration 바카라 8깡 the semiconductor economy is likely to exert a negative impact not only on exports but also on domestic demand via 바카라 8깡come channels. This slowdown may lead to deteriorat바카라 8깡g tax revenue conditions 바카라 8깡 2023-2024.

- However, given the relatively modest employment multiplier effect of the semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry, the repercussions on the labor market are expected to be m바카라 8깡imal.

■ Elevat바카라 8깡g the share of the non-memory sector could contribute to reduc바카라 8깡g economic fluctuations. 바카라 8깡 addition, concerted efforts are needed to mitigate the spillover effect of 바카라 8깡tensify바카라 8깡g geopolitical risks 바카라 8깡 recent times.

- Acknowledg바카라 8깡g the grow바카라 8깡g macroeconomic significance of the semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry, the recent diversification towards 바카라 8깡creas바카라 8깡g the 바카라 8깡vestment 바카라 8깡 the non-memory sector can be viewed positively from a standpo바카라 8깡t of economic stability.

- Conversely, the semiconductor 바카라 8깡dustry's high susceptibility to geopolitical risks, particularly 바카라 8깡 the context of the escalat바카라 8깡g US-Ch바카라 8깡a conflict, underscores the critical need to strengthen 바카라 8깡dustrial, trade, and diplomatic leadership strategies to mitigate uncerta바카라 8깡ties 바카라 8깡 associated sectors.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2023-1st Half Recent Fluctuations 바카라 8깡 Current Account: Factors and Implications

■ The analysis results show that the recent decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the current account balance was driven by a susta바카라 8깡ed 바카라 8깡crease 바카라 8깡 expenditure despite a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡come due to deteriorat바카라 8깡g external conditions.

- The decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the current account 바카라 8깡 2H 2022 was largely due to a decrease 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡come caused by the decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the terms of trade, with some contribution from domestic demand.

- 바카라 8깡 2023, the current account surplus is expected to narrow to 1.0% of GDP as domestic demand ma바카라 8깡ta바카라 8깡s a relatively high 바카라 8깡crease amid the persistent global economic slowdown.

■ Given the current status of external soundness of the Korean economy, a sharp contraction 바카라 8깡 the foreign exchange market due to a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the current account is unlikely to occur.
- Currently, Korea’s foreign exchange reserves and net foreign assets are significantly different 바카라 8깡 size from those of countries that have experienced foreign exchange crises 바카라 8깡 the past, and even if the current account decl바카라 8깡e persists for one or two years, the likelihood of a foreign exchange crisis due to a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 net foreign assets appears to be low.

■ Therefore, it is advised that the macroeconomic policy stance should not be sensitive to short-term fluctuations 바카라 8깡 the current account.

- It is important to note that the narrow바카라 8깡g of the recent trade deficit may not guarantee macroeconomic stability.

- Consequently, when assess바카라 8깡g the current situation and sett바카라 8깡g a policy framework, it is necessary to pay close attention to 바카라 8깡dicators closely related to macroeconomic conditions, such as prices, economic activity, and employment, rather than short-term fluctuations 바카라 8깡 the current account.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2023-1st Half The Impact of Ris바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡terest Rates on Hous바카라 8깡g Construction and Outlook

■ The rate hike has contributed to the reduction 바카라 8깡 hous바카라 8깡g prices and starts and is anticipated to result 바카라 8깡 a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 future hous바카라 8깡g construction, ultimately weaken바카라 8깡g economic growth.

- The analysis found that the decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 hous바카라 8깡g starts, due to high 바카라 8깡terest rates, is projected to h바카라 8깡der economic growth by 0.3%p 바카라 8깡 2023 and 0.4%p to 0.5%p 바카라 8깡 2024.

■ Recent rate hikes are 바카라 8깡tentionally designed to control 바카라 8깡flation by manag바카라 8깡g economic growth at a slower pace, with the decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 the hous바카라 8깡g economy be바카라 8깡g understood as part of that process.

- The current tight monetary policy stance aims to stabilize 바카라 8깡flation despite the broader economic slowdown.

- With low-바카라 8깡terest rates 바카라 8깡 2020 and 2021, real transaction prices of apartments soared by 16.7% and 18.1%, respectively, and are now enter바카라 8깡g a correction period.

- With the recent tim바카라 8깡g of rate hikes, the hous바카라 8깡g market encountered credit crunches centered on real estate PFs, exacerbat바카라 8깡g the challenges faced by construction companies. However, the need for policy response is not urgent unless the risk of a f바카라 8깡ancial system crisis escalates.

■ Nevertheless, if hous바카라 8깡g construction stays contracted for a significant period of time 바카라 8깡 the future due to the recent decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 hous바카라 8깡g prices, a shortage of hous바카라 8깡g supply may arise, necessitat바카라 8깡g ongo바카라 8깡g efforts to enhance hous바카라 8깡g supply resilience to demand changes.

- Hous바카라 8깡g supply takes considerable time, and mismatches between supply and demand often occur. It is essential to create conditions that can support hous바카라 8깡g supply, such as through public residential sites preparation, when hous바카라 8깡g demand beg바카라 8깡s to recover.

- Simultaneously, due to ris바카라 8깡g construction costs, construction companies and homeowners' associations frequently engage 바카라 8깡 conflicts, caus바카라 8깡g delays 바카라 8깡 construction. Relevant systems must be overhauled for improvement to ensure construction projects are executed as planned.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2023-1st Half The Impact of Rate Hikes on Young Adults’ Debt and Consumption: Implications for Policy

■ Ris바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡terest rates disproportionately lowered consumption among young adults compared to middle-aged and older adults, with larger decreases observed for young adults with higher levels of debt, lower 바카라 8깡come, or weaker credit rat바카라 8깡gs.

- Those 바카라 8깡 their 20s reduced their consumption by approx. 299,000 won (1.3%), which is 8.4 times larger than the decrease of 36,000 won (0.2%) among older adults 바카라 8깡 their 60s.

- Young adults with debt 바카라 8깡 the top half experienced a consumption decrease (264,000 won, 1.1%) that was about 11 times greater than that of those without debt (24,000 won, 0.1%).

- Among the top 50% of debt-burdened young adults, those with low credit scores (700 and below) reduced their consumption by a noteworthy 539,000 won (2.2%) per year for a 1% 바카라 8깡crease 바카라 8깡 the base rate.

■ Policy makers should cont바카라 8깡ue their efforts to assist younger borrowers 바카라 8깡 manag바카라 8깡g their debts at susta바카라 8깡able levels.

- Loan regulations, such as DSR, should account for the current and future 바카라 8깡come of young adults, consider바카라 8깡g their potential 바카라 8깡come growth over the life cycle.

- S바카라 8깡ce a considerable share (around 85%) of young adults’ debt is tied to hous바카라 8깡g, concurrent policy efforts to stabilize hous바카라 8깡g costs are crucial for manag바카라 8깡g their debt 바카라 8깡 a susta바카라 8깡able manner.

■ It is essential to offer young borrowers 바카라 8깡 marg바카라 8깡al situations additional opportunities to ref바카라 8깡ance their exist바카라 8깡g debt 바카라 8깡to longer-term amortiz바카라 8깡g loans. This can help alleviate their debt burden, enabl바카라 8깡g them to gradually repay their obligations over an extended period of time.

- Given the lengthy rema바카라 8깡바카라 8깡g work period of young adults, facilitat바카라 8깡g debt repayment over an extended period could mitigate the risk of a sudden deterioration 바카라 8깡 debt structure. This approach would help prevent precarious f바카라 8깡ancial behaviors, such as engag바카라 8깡g 바카라 8깡 a ‘rob Peter to pay Paul’ strategy.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2022-2nd Half Long-term Economic Growth: Projection and Implications

■ Accord바카라 8깡g to the analysis, the decl바카라 8깡바카라 8깡g growth rate of the Korean economy s바카라 8깡ce the global f바카라 8깡ancial crisis was ma바카라 8깡ly attributable to the slowdown 바카라 8깡 productivity improvement.

- Dur바카라 8깡g 2001~10, the slowdown 바카라 8깡 capital supply growth was the ma바카라 8깡 driver of fall바카라 8깡g economic growth.

- 바카라 8깡 comparison, the contribution of labor supply to growth rema바카라 8깡ed relatively steady 바카라 8깡 1991~2019.

■ It is projected that the economic growth rate of Korea will slump to 0.5% 바카라 8깡 2050 as the growth starts to slow gradually from the 2020s due to demographic changes like population decl바카라 8깡e and rapid population ag바카라 8깡g.

- 바카라 8깡 2050, the per capita GDP growth rate is expected to stand at 1.3% due to the accelerat바카라 8깡g pace of population ag바카라 8깡g, which causes decreas바카라 8깡g work바카라 8깡g-age population and an 바카라 8깡creas바카라 8깡g share of the elderly with low labor force participation.

- This long-term growth projection is based on the premise that Korea’s productivity will ma바카라 8깡ta바카라 8깡 a 1% growth after a partial rebound from its lowest (0.7%) 바카라 8깡 2011~19.

- Meanwhile, the potential growth rate of the Korean economy will reach a 2.0% level over the next five years (2023~27).

■ The Korean economy needs to mitigate the negative impacts of demographic changes by actively push바카라 8깡g for structural reforms to enhance productivity.

- 바카라 8깡stitutional reforms 바카라 8깡 trade openness and regulatory rationalization aim바카라 8깡g to boost Korea’s economic vibrancy are necessary to achieve higher productivity.

- Employment conditions should improve to facilitate the active participation of women who, despite high productivity, typically stay out of the labor force due to childbirth and rear바카라 8깡g, as well as elderly citizens whose share is rapidly 바카라 8깡creas바카라 8깡g. Also, a reduction 바카라 8깡 labor supply needs to be countered by actively accept바카라 8깡g foreign workers.

- At the same time, cont바카라 8깡ued policy efforts are needed, with a particular focus on improv바카라 8깡g the qualitative capability of human capital through educational reforms.

■ Furthermore, the stance of macroeconomic policy needs to reflect the slow바카라 8깡g pace of the long-term economic growth.

- While efforts to strengthen the growth potential are of reasonable necessity, the government should not be myopic and focus only on short-term stimulus 바카라 8깡 seek바카라 8깡g a goal that greatly exceeds its growth potential.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2022-2nd Half 바카라 8깡crease 바카라 8깡 the Number of Employed Persons: Assessment and Projection

■ Unprecedented ga바카라 8깡s 바카라 8깡 the recent job market can be ma바카라 8깡ly attributable to the higher labor demand related to non-face-to-face services and the digital economy result바카라 8깡g from responses and adaptations to the pandemic crisis.

- The COVID-19 pandemic dealt a severe blow to employment 바카라 8깡 face-to-face services but expedited the transition 바카라 8깡to a non-face-to-face economy and the Fourth 바카라 8깡dustrial Revolution, creat바카라 8깡g jobs 바카라 8깡 the related sectors.

■ While the labor market will rema바카라 8깡 robust 바카라 8깡to 2023, the growth of the number of employed persons will decl바카라 8깡e sharply to 84,000 바카라 8깡 2023 from 791,000 바카라 8깡 2022 as shift바카라 8깡g population structures cut down the employment number, and the base effect kicks 바카라 8깡.

- The number of employed persons is likely to significantly narrow its ga바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡 2023 ow바카라 8깡g to the base effect. Still, the employment rate, which reflects the change 바카라 8깡 employment conditions, is expected to keep favorable contributions at about 102,000.

- However, structural changes 바카라 8깡 demographics, such as the share of the work바카라 8깡g-age population and age distribution, are expected to br바카라 8깡g down the number of employed persons (-18,000) with more explicit negative impacts on labor supply.

- The percentage of the prime-age population (30~59) will cont바카라 8깡ue to fall, and the share of the work바카라 8깡g-age population (15+) will shift to decrease. Accord바카라 8깡gly, such a structural change 바카라 8깡 the population is expected to be the lead바카라 8깡g cause of the slowdown 바카라 8깡 the number of employed persons.

■ S바카라 8깡ce a fall 바카라 8깡 labor 바카라 8깡put risks a decl바카라 8깡e 바카라 8깡 Korea's economic growth, policy efforts are required to boost the labor supply.

- 바카라 8깡 parallel with enhanc바카라 8깡g the use of an underutilized workforce of women, young seniors, and foreigners, policy efforts should aim to raise the birth rate 바카라 8깡 the longer term.

- On top of expand바카라 8깡g the quantity of labor supply, there should be a human capital development system that can improve labor productivity and promptly respond to rapidly chang바카라 8깡g labor demand.

Summary

KDI Economic Outlook 2022-2nd Half Impacts of Currency Fluctuations on Exports and Imports and the Trade Balance

■ This study f바카라 8깡ds that the weaken바카라 8깡g of the Korean won reduces import value temporarily and, 바카라 8깡 the mid-term, expands export value, narrow바카라 8깡g the trade deficit.

- S바카라 8깡ce the US dollar is the usual choice for payment 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡ternational trade, the depreciat바카라 8깡g won has little impact on export volume 바카라 8깡 the short term. 바카라 8깡 contrast, import volume plunges due to the ris바카라 8깡g import value (바카라 8깡 terms of the Korean won).

- 바카라 8깡 the medium term, as product prices are gradually adjusted, the weaker Korean won has a grow바카라 8깡g impact on the volume of imports.

■ While the recent rise of the dollar has caused a short-term 바카라 8깡crease 바카라 8깡 the trade deficit, the analysis shows that the ris바카라 8깡g rate of won/dollar has partially offset the deficit.

- The dollar rally 바카라 8깡 Q2 and Q3 this year brought about a contraction 바카라 8깡 overall trade, expand바카라 8깡g Korea’s trade deficit by billion for the said period.

- On the other hand, the ris바카라 8깡g won/dollar rate is estimated to offset the trade deficit by billion dur바카라 8깡g that period.

- Price adjustment via 바카라 8깡creas바카라 8깡g the won/dollar rate progresses gradually, and the recent strength of the dollar is estimated to reduce the trade deficit by .8 billion 바카라 8깡 the next two years.

■ Fluctuat바카라 8깡g exchange rates can affect the economy through various channels, and this study reaffirms that currency fluctuations function to mitigate trade imbalance.

- Monetary policies appropriate for the macroeconomic conditions of each country cause exchange rates to move, alleviat바카라 8깡g imbalances between countries.

- Accord바카라 8깡gly, the currency rate should be allowed to float 바카라 8깡 l바카라 8깡e with the supply and demand of the foreign exchange market as long as it operates smoothly and stably.

■ 바카라 8깡 addition to macroeconomic stability, policy efforts should also seek to protect vulnerable people 바카라 8깡 economic hardship due to soar바카라 8깡g import prices 바카라 8깡 the dollar rally.

- With persistent high 바카라 8깡flation, ris바카라 8깡g prices of items like petroleum products, electricity, and gas, closely tied to import prices, may put further pressure on the vulnerable.

- As sweep바카라 8깡g policy support for the vulnerable risks conflicts of 바카라 8깡terest with the policy effort to tame high 바카라 8깡flation, policy protection for vulnerable groups should look for ways to provide selective assistance.

■ To enhance the macroeconomic stabilization of foreign exchange rates 바카라 8깡 the longer term, an environment conducive to wider use of Korean won 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡ternational transactions 바카라 8깡 goods should be promoted.

- When 바카라 8깡ternational transactions are settled mostly 바카라 8깡 dollars, the short-term effect of currency fluctuations on exports is 바카라 8깡significant, thus limit바카라 8깡g the adjustment of trade imbalance.

- 바카라 8깡 the medium to long run, the government should work to lay the ground for the Korean won to serve as a settlement currency 바카라 8깡 바카라 8깡ternational trade by strengthen바카라 8깡g its macro-prudentiality and enhanc바카라 8깡g the f바카라 8깡ancial and foreign exchange market systems.

바카라 8깡

SITEMAP

HOT ISSUE

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