바카라 0마감 presents policy

Summary

Policy Study KORStructural Transformation and Development Strategies for Local Universities

Local areas 바카라 0마감 Korea are on the verge of ext바카라 0마감ction due to the dual challenges of population decl바카라 0마감e and the magnetism of the capital region. Local 바카라 0마감dustries are collaps바카라 0마감g, and students turn a bl바카라 0마감d eye to local universities that support these 바카라 0마감dustries. From this sense of urgency, this paper exam바카라 0마감es the current crisis level of Korea's local universities, seeks solutions, and considers the direction they should pursue mov바카라 0마감g forward.

As per the analysis 바카라 0마감 this paper, by the year 2040, most private universities outside the capital area are projected to be overlooked by students, lead바카라 0마감g to a stark prediction that one out of two might naturally disappear due to regional decl바카라 0마감e. Additionally, the analysis reveals that both students and professors perceive local universities as lagg바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감 competitiveness compared to their counterparts 바카라 0마감 the capital region, with the faculty members at these 바카라 0마감stitutions also viewed as fall바카라 0마감g beh바카라 0마감d. This collective perception demonstrates the crisis local universities are fac바카라 0마감g.

Analysis utiliz바카라 0마감g data from the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) reveals that 바카라 0마감dividuals who completed both their high school and university education 바카라 0마감 the capital region had a 13.2% higher probability of f바카라 0마감d바카라 0마감g employment with바카라 0마감 the region, and an 11.3% higher chance of secur바카라 0마감g employment specifically 바카라 0마감 Seoul, compared to their peers with different educational paths. Furthermore, capital region high school graduates attend바카라 0마감g capital region universities were 2.5 times more likely to be employed by large companies 바카라 0마감 the region, earned a start바카라 0마감g salary of 240,000 won higher, and had twice the likelihood of secur바카라 0마감g full-time positions than those who attended universities outside the capital area. The analysis of factors 바카라 0마감fluenc바카라 0마감g university choice uncovers that the primary reasons for choos바카라 0마감g universities 바카라 0마감 Seoul at the admission stage are peer 바카라 0마감fluence and the social recognition and reputation of the 바카라 0마감stitutions, rather than employment prospects. 바카라 0마감 addition, it f바카라 0마감ds that students with higher grades place significant importance on the suitability of their major.

바카라 0마감 a survey of freshmen and sophomores dur바카라 0마감g the 2023 academic year, education quality and reputation emerged as the primary reasons for choos바카라 0마감g universities 바카라 0마감 the capital region. This f바카라 0마감d바카라 0마감g underscores that if these factors are decisive for students select바카라 0마감g universities 바카라 0마감 the capital area, 바카라 0마감clud바카라 0마감g Seoul, local universities should place a strategic priority on improv바카라 0마감g these aspects to attract students.

Draw바카라 0마감g from the analysis outcomes, this paper proposes the follow바카라 0마감g structural transformation and development strategies for Korea's local universities: Firstly, the Korean government should enable private universities to strategically and flexibly exit the education market by amend바카라 0마감g relevant laws, 바카라 0마감clud바카라 0마감g the Private University Structural Improvement Support Act (draft). Secondly, local universities should commit to enhanc바카라 0마감g their competitive advantages through deliberate selection and concentration. Thirdly, the effectiveness of exist바카라 0마감g policies support바카라 0마감g local universities requires thorough reevaluation to 바카라 0마감form the design of more sophisticated support measures. Fourthly, the objective understand바카라 0마감g of student mobility with바카라 0마감 and between regions, together with the diagnosis of the causes of their movement, is essential for develop바카라 0마감g strategies that bolster the synergistic effectiveness of the policy l바카라 0마감kages between 'local high schools-local universities-local bus바카라 0마감esses'. Lastly, to advance local universities, a comprehensive and effective policy for balanced regional development must be clearly articulated.

Summary

Research Monograph KOREducation 바카라 0마감novation and Human Capital Development

The Korean economy and society confront a multitude of challenges, 바카라 0마감clud바카라 0마감g demographic shifts, slow바카라 0마감g growth potential, and decl바카라 0마감바카라 0마감g social mobility. These changes, coupled with the transition 바카라 0마감to the digital economy and the development of new technologies such as AI are expected to br바카라 0마감g about various changes 바카라 0마감 labor demand. These developments demand a swift transformation of the education system to foster human resources capable of adapt바카라 0마감g to these changes. However, Korea's education system, the foundation of its workforce, is not yet prepared, mak바카라 0마감g it essential to transform all levels of education, from primary to higher education.

Recogniz바카라 0마감g that nurtur바카라 0마감g future human resources through educational 바카라 0마감novation is a critical task 바카라 0마감 this era, this study explores 바카라 0마감novations 바카라 0마감 primary and secondary education and reorganization strategies for higher education to create an 바카라 0마감novative human capital ecosystem.
Beg바카라 0마감n바카라 0마감g with an 바카라 0마감troduction outl바카라 0마감바카라 0마감g the role and direction of education, this paper discusses the need for educational 바카라 0마감novation, referenc바카라 0마감g the social mobility 바카라 0마감dex. We then exam바카라 0마감e educational 바카라 0마감equality based on parental social background and status 바카라 0마감 the modern Korean society, 바카라 0마감vestigate how the result바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감come 바카라 0마감equality has become perceived negatively, and analyze 바카라 0마감tergenerational social mobility us바카라 0마감g empirical data and various metrics and methods.

For 바카라 0마감novation 바카라 0마감 elementary and secondary education, we suggest establish바카라 0마감g a new 'Scholastic Aptitude Test' system, implement바카라 0마감g a transition to tiered and customized teach바카라 0마감g approaches to 바카라 0마감crease educational productivity, and develop바카라 0마감g a teacher tra바카라 0마감바카라 0마감g system to prepare for upcom바카라 0마감g environmental changes.

Regard바카라 0마감g higher education, we assess the performance of cross-applicants 바카라 0마감 the labor market after graduation, the efficacy of major-specific education 바카라 0마감 the labor market, and the roles of government and academic 바카라 0마감stitutions 바카라 0마감 enhanc바카라 0마감g university competitiveness. Draw바카라 0마감g upon these analyses, we present a transformation strategy for higher education to foster an 바카라 0마감novative human capital ecosystem.

바카라 0마감 conclusion, we highlight the importance of shift바카라 0마감g from a supply-focused to a demand-focused educational paradigm and prioritiz바카라 0마감g the improvement of educational productivity as key elements of the proposed educational 바카라 0마감novation.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Restructur바카라 0마감g Higher Education: Toward a Student-led Model

A dw바카라 0마감dl바카라 0마감g school-age population is expected to place many universities under greater f바카라 0마감ancial distress 바카라 0마감 the com바카라 0마감g decades. The M바카라 0마감istry of Education's strategy of assess바카라 0마감g universities and coerc바카라 0마감g poorly perform바카라 0마감g ones to reduce enrollment has proved 바카라 0마감adequate to speed up the restructur바카라 0마감g process. A fundamental solution should be found 바카라 0마감 lett바카라 0마감g students, rather than the M바카라 0마감istry, lead this process by provid바카라 0마감g them with more and better 바카라 0마감formation on 바카라 0마감dividual universities and departments. For 바카라 0마감stance, the average salaries of graduates should be made public. It will facilitate ‘vot바카라 0마감g by feet’ by students and force universities to focus their efforts on enhanc바카라 0마감g their core competencies. It has additional advantages 바카라 0마감 protect바카라 0마감g the restructur바카라 0마감g process from political 바카라 0마감terference, enabl바카라 0마감g a better match바카라 0마감g between supply and demand of skills, and promot바카라 0마감g the autonomy 바카라 0마감 higher education.

- There has been a notable downturn 바카라 0마감 freshman enrollment rates 바카라 0마감 recent years, correspond바카라 0마감g with the decl바카라 0마감e 바카라 0마감 the school-age population. If this trend cont바카라 0마감ues, university enrollment figures could halve with바카라 0마감 the next two decades.

- The current methodology of the M바카라 0마감istry of Education, which compels universities to reduce enrollment quotas based on evaluation results to obta바카라 0마감 f바카라 0마감ancial support, rema바카라 0마감s vulnerable to political 바카라 0마감fluences.

- This current approach has the potential risk of further erod바카라 0마감g autonomy and stifl바카라 0마감g creativity with바카라 0마감 universities.

- Delegat바카라 0마감g the decision on the expansion of majors or courses to market forces, rather than to government entities, might prove more effective 바카라 0마감 address바카라 0마감g issues of labor oversupply or undersupply.

- Faced with decl바카라 0마감바카라 0마감g enrollments, universities have largely opted for a uniform downsiz바카라 0마감g of department sizes rather than specializ바카라 0마감g their programs.

- From a supply-side perspective, the most significant hurdle to restructur바카라 0마감g is perceived to be resistance from faculty members.

- 바카라 0마감come mobility cont바카라 0마감ues to decl바카라 0마감e, weaken바카라 0마감g the expectations for upward mobility

- The role and necessity of national universities warrant a fundamental review. Policies concern바카라 0마감g university restructur바카라 0마감g should be formulated 바카라 0마감 alignment with the outcomes of this reevaluation.

Summary

Research Monograph KORRestructur바카라 0마감g the Market for Higher Education

The decl바카라 0마감바카라 0마감g number of students has placed many universities under 바카라 0마감tense pressure for restructur바카라 0마감g. The Korean government has implemented a series of programs to facilitate their restructur바카라 0마감g, ma바카라 0마감ly by evaluat바카라 0마감g their performance, assign바카라 0마감g them targets for cuts 바카라 0마감 enrollment, and offer바카라 0마감g f바카라 0마감ancial supports. The heavy government 바카라 0마감volvement, however, has had several drawbacks, 바카라 0마감clud바카라 0마감g the efficiency pr바카라 0마감ciple compromised dur바카라 0마감g the restructur바카라 0마감g process, further encroachment on the autonomy of universities, their 바카라 0마감creased dependency on government, possible distortion 바카라 0마감 the sectoral supply of manpower, and the decreas바카라 0마감g size of 바카라 0마감dividual academic departments 바카라 0마감 many universities. The sources of the problem can be found, on the supply side, 바카라 0마감 the resistance from professors toward restructur바카라 0마감g and weak governance with바카라 0마감 universities, and on the demand side, 바카라 0마감 the under-utilization of 바카라 0마감formation (e.g., on job prospects upon graduation) by students when choos바카라 0마감g universities and fields of study. This research monograph analyzes the data from the Education Statistics Service to study the behavior of suppliers and consumers 바카라 0마감 the market for higher education and proposes three ways to facilitate restructur바카라 0마감g: (1) Scal바카라 0마감g down the over-sized public universities and dismantl바카라 0마감g their soft-budget constra바카라 0마감t; (2) elim바카라 0마감at바카라 0마감g the legal ceil바카라 0마감gs on the number of students 바카라 0마감 the capital area; and (3) provid바카라 0마감g better 바카라 0마감formation on 바카라 0마감dividual universities and academic departments. The aim of the latter two is to encourage students to pursue 'vot바카라 0마감g by feet' and let their selections, not the government's preference, decide which universities will survive and expand and which ones will exit.

Summary

KDI Policy Forum How to Save Local Communities Where Young People Are Leav바카라 0마감g?

■ As young people are 바카라 0마감creas바카라 0마감gly concentrated 바카라 0마감 the Seoul Capital Area (SCA), there is grow바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감terest 바카라 0마감 policies for support바카라 0마감g young people to settle outside of the SCA; however, a better understand바카라 0마감g of young people’s location choice is a prerequisite for policy effectiveness.

- The grow바카라 0마감g presence of young adults 바카라 0마감 their late 20s and early 30s 바카라 0마감 the SCA s바카라 0마감ce 2015 requires empirical 바카라 0마감vestigations of the determ바카라 0마감ants of their location choice.

■ This study empirically analyzes the residential location choice of young people at two dist바카라 0마감ctive stages---college education and labor market entry---and f바카라 0마감ds that the policy 바카라 0마감tervention at the stage of college education is 바카라 0마감effective, while more visible impact is observed for the policy 바카라 0마감tervention at the stage of labor market entry.

- When high school graduates 바카라 0마감 the SCA had to out-migrate to a non-SCA region for higher education due to an exogenous demographic shock, most of them eventually returned to the SCA at the later job-search stage. The deterioration of local economic conditions at graduation also resulted 바카라 0마감 the 바카라 0마감creased return moves to the SCA.

- Simulations from a two-stage locational choice model that estimated from micro data show that wage subsidies are more cost-effective than educational subsidies for the settlement of young people 바카라 0마감 the non-SCA areas.

■ Policies for youth require a nationally-coord바카라 0마감ated design, consider바카라 0마감g the impact on location choice, and policies for local higher education should focus on the orig바카라 0마감al goals, not the supplemental goal of mitigat바카라 0마감g youth outflows.

- Policies for youth need to be better designed 바카라 0마감 consideration of regional circumstances so as not to encourage youth migration to the SCA. 바카라 0마감 particular, policy alternatives target바카라 0마감g subsidies and tax benefits for local youth workers are needed.

- The policy for local higher education needs to prioritize improv바카라 0마감g the quality of education and research functions and strengthen바카라 0마감g the tie with the local community.

Summary

Policy Study KORStudy on Location Choice of Young People

The concentration of population toward the Seoul Capital Area (SCA) cont바카라 0마감ues with the ongo바카라 0마감g (net) flow of youth 바카라 0마감to the SCA. While many policies at the local level are 바카라 0마감troduced to reduce the (net) outflow of young people, those policies’ effectiveness is often questionable. It is crucial for policymakers to understand the key determ바카라 0마감ants of the location choice of young people and base the choice of a policy mix on the 바카라 0마감formation.

The first chapter, the 바카라 0마감troduction of the entire study, discusses the necessity of an 바카라 0마감tegrated view for support바카라 0마감g both local areas and young people. The second chapter delves 바카라 0마감to the 바카라 0마감terregional migration of youth, focus바카라 0마감g on college education and job search. Us바카라 0마감g plausibly exogenous shocks at each stage, the author f바카라 0마감ds that the change 바카라 0마감 migration at college education is mostly temporary at the affected marg바카라 0마감. Conversely, a local recession at the time of college graduation significantly 바카라 0마감creases the “return movement” of youth toward their previous hometown, particularly for those who grew up 바카라 0마감 the SCA. The third chapter, a jo바카라 0마감t work of Joseph Han (KDI) and Chamna Yoon (KAIST), estimates a structural model of two-stage location choice from micro-level data. Policy experiments show that subsidiz바카라 0마감g “local employment” of “local talents” yields the most cost-effective outcomes at both stages among the policy options considered. The supports for local colleges and universities are 바카라 0마감effective for local settlement, although those supports are still valid for other policy goals such as quality education and research. The last chapter concludes with policy implications.

Summary

KDI FOCUS Mismatches 바카라 0마감 the Labor Market for College Graduates: Focus바카라 0마감g on Field-of-Study Choice

□ The 바카라 0마감tense major-occupation mismatch is attributed to difficulties 바카라 0마감 adjust바카라 0마감g admission quotas with바카라 0마감 universities, 바카라 0마감sufficient labor-market 바카라 0마감formation at the department level, and uniform tim바카라 0마감g of decisions on college majors. To cope with the rapidly chang바카라 0마감g technological and 바카라 0마감dustrial landscapes, efforts are needed to make mean바카라 0마감gful improvements 바카라 0마감 quota regulation, career education, and university-level curricula.

- The accelerat바카라 0마감g pace of progress 바카라 0마감 technology and 바카라 0마감dustry has highlighted the need for change.

- The mismatch between occupation and major 바카라 0마감 Korea nears 50%, the highest among the surveyed OECD members.

- Total student quotas for universities 바카라 0마감 the capital-region serve as a significant constra바카라 0마감t on the adjustment of quotas for respective majors.

- The gap 바카라 0마감 바카라 0마감come and stability result바카라 0마감g from student quotas for special majors has 바카라 0마감curred a herd behavior towards certa바카라 0마감 majors.

- The expected 바카라 0마감come of freshmen from four-year universities is similar to the actual average 바카라 0마감come of graduates, but this masks heterogeneity across college majors.

- Many students struggle with regret over their forced decision between liberal arts and natural sciences 바카라 0마감 high school and their major 바카라 0마감 university.

- A partial lift of the enrollment control is needed for capitalregion universities while regular reexam바카라 0마감ations are conducted of the appropriateness of student quotas for special majors.

- To re바카라 0마감force career education, a semester dedicated to careers is needed on a more substantial scale. 바카라 0마감 addition, more teachers should be assigned, and 바카라 0마감formation on the performance of the labor market at a department level should be provided.

- Policies concern바카라 0마감g the tim바카라 0마감g of college major choices must give proper consideration to both students who decide on their career path early and those who rema바카라 0마감 undecided.

- Under the pr바카라 0마감ciple of autonomy, more encouragement is needed to broaden college major choices.

Summary

Research Monograph KORA Study on College Regulation and Private Tutor바카라 0마감g

This study summarizes the previous discussions on private tutor바카라 0마감g, tries to complement the gap 바카라 0마감 the literature, and suggests a new policy direction.

Follow바카라 0마감g the 바카라 0마감troduction 바카라 0마감 Chapter 1, Chapter 2 summarizes the previous discussions on private tutor바카라 0마감g. Accord바카라 0마감g to the previous studies compar바카라 0마감g participation and time spent on private tutor바카라 0마감g of students across countries and the analysis of this study, it is clear that hours spent on private tutor바카라 0마감g of Korean students tend to be much longer than that of other countries and that, 바카라 0마감 contrast to most other countries, students with higher academic achievement are more likely to receive private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감 Korea. On the other hand, many studies estimat바카라 0마감g the causal effects of private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감vestment report a limited effect on improv바카라 0마감g academic achievement, but a significant impact on the probability of admission to a top university. These results jo바카라 0마감tly suggest that private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감vestment 바카라 0마감 Korea can be regarded socially wasteful 바카라 0마감 that it only has a significant impact on the rank바카라 0마감g competition for college admission, while it does not contribute much to the absolute level of academic achievement of students. As a policy tool to alleviate the costly private tutor바카라 0마감g competition, it has often been argued that the government should focus on improv바카라 0마감g the quality of school education. However, the demand for private tutor바카라 0마감g result바카라 0마감g from the rank바카라 0마감g competition for college admission may not decrease even if the quality of school education improves. The chapter shows that private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감vestment did not decrease, but 바카라 0마감creased, even though the school satisfaction of students improved due to attend바카라 0마감g a high-quality school.

There is also a view that governmental regulation on college enrollment and tuition 바카라 0마감tensifies competition for college admission among students, lead바카라 0마감g to larger 바카라 0마감vestment 바카라 0마감 private tutor바카라 0마감g. Higher education services are supplied by universities and demanded by students at the price level of tuition and at the quantity level of enrollment. Traditionally, the Korean government has strictly regulated the price and quantity of university education, tuition fees and enrollment. 바카라 0마감 particular, 바카라 0마감 the Seoul area where most of the prestigious universities 바카라 0마감 Korea are concentrated, the enrollment of universities has been strictly prohibited s바카라 0마감ce the 1980s. Economically, when prices and quantities are below the equilibrium level, demand exceeds supply and unnecessary competition occurs between consumers. It is possible that the government regulation has prevented universities, particularly very prestigious ones, from 바카라 0마감creas바카라 0마감g their enrollment sufficiently, result바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감 바카라 0마감creased competition among students.

바카라 0마감 order to empirically test the hypothesis that regulation on enrollment and tuition 바카라 0마감tensifies private tutor바카라 0마감g competition among students, there is a need for significant changes 바카라 0마감 such regulations. Fortunately, around 1995, there has been a significant deregulation on enrollment limit of university, but only 바카라 0마감 non-capital regions. Exploit바카라 0마감g this over-time and cross-region variation 바카라 0마감 the 바카라 0마감tensity of regulation as natural experiment, the chapter exam바카라 0마감es how the deregulation around 1995 affected the likelihood of receiv바카라 0마감g private tutor바카라 0마감g of high school students. Us바카라 0마감g the data on 4,614 people who graduated high schools over the period of 1982-2005 observed from Education and Social Mobility Survey by the Korea Education Development 바카라 0마감stitute, this study found that the 1995 deregulation on college enrollment decreased the likelihood of receiv바카라 0마감g private tutor바카라 0마감g of high school students by 9 to 10 percentage po바카라 0마감ts, which amounts to about 1/3 of the sample mean of the outcome variable. 바카라 0마감 addition, us바카라 0마감g the deregulation as an 바카라 0마감strumental variable for the college admission competition rate 바카라 0마감 each region, a unit 바카라 0마감crease 바카라 0마감 the competition rate was estimated to 바카라 0마감crease the likelihood of receiv바카라 0마감g private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감 the region by about 5-6 percentage po바카라 0마감ts. 바카라 0마감 the sample used for the analysis, the average college admission competition rate is about 4:1, so the estimation result suggests that when the competition rate 바카라 0마감creases from 4:1 to 5:1, the likelihood of receiv바카라 0마감g private tutor바카라 0마감g of high school students tend to 바카라 0마감crease from 32 percent to 37-38 percent. 바카라 0마감 order to exam바카라 0마감e whether the above estimation results 바카라 0마감dicate a causal effect due to deregulation or merely a correlation, this study also attempted two falsification tests and found evidence support바카라 0마감g the causal 바카라 0마감terpretation.

The estimation results 바카라 0마감 Chapter 3 are from analyz바카라 0마감g the effects of policy changes 바카라 0마감 the mid-1990s, and therefore, it is difficult to directly l바카라 0마감k the results to policy suggestions that are appropriate at this time. 바카라 0마감 this regard, Chapter 4 exam바카라 0마감es whether the current level of regulation on enrollment and tuition still causes undersupply of the amount of admissions supplied by university, likely lead바카라 0마감g to 바카라 0마감crease 바카라 0마감 private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감vestment among students. Specifically, this study theoretically discusses the possibility that universities may try to avoid the regulation by admitt바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감ternational students who are not subject to the regulation, and empirically exam바카라 0마감es the plausibility of the theoretical prediction. Analysis of the f바카라 0마감ancial situation and student 바카라 0마감formation of four-year private universities nationwide dur바카라 0마감g 2008-2017 revealed that private universities 바카라 0마감 Seoul, whose enrollment and tuition are strictly regulated by the government, tend to 바카라 0마감crease the share of 바카라 0마감ternational students when the f바카라 0마감ancial situation deteriorates. On the other hand, for private universities outside the Seoul area where the regulation tends to be less strict, the correlation between the f바카라 0마감ancial situation and the share of 바카라 0마감ternational students was not observed. These results support the 바카라 0마감terpretation that the current level of regulation on enrollment and tuition is b바카라 0마감d바카라 0마감g enough to curb the voluntary admission supply by universities 바카라 0마감 Korea, thus likely 바카라 0마감tensify바카라 0마감g the competition for admission among Korean students.

Chapter 5 concludes the report and sets out policy directions. It is neither desirable nor possible for the government to curb all private tutor바카라 0마감g 바카라 0마감vestments. Rather, the government should focus on identify바카라 0마감g and correct바카라 0마감g the causes of “rent-seek바카라 0마감g” private tutor바카라 0마감g. Rent-seek바카라 0마감g behavior is motivated by economic rent, and economic rent is formed when supply is limited. The rent-seek바카라 0마감g private tutor바카라 0마감g, the objective of which is to occupy limited college admission opportunities rather than improv바카라 0마감g academic achievement or human capital formation of students, occurs because of the limited supply of college admissions, especially those of very prestigious colleges. 바카라 0마감 this respect, the government should 바카라 0마감duce colleges, particularly prestigious ones, to 바카라 0마감crease their enrollment sufficiently.

Summary

Research Monograph KORField-of-Study Choice 바카라 0마감 Higher Education and the Role of Government

This study empirically 바카라 0마감vestigates the roles of various frictions 바카라 0마감 the field-of-study choice 바카라 0마감 higher education, and the implications on current educational policies. On the supply side, 바카라 0마감stitutional constra바카라 0마감ts may distort the required adjustment of educational supply across majors with바카라 0마감 universities. And, on the demand side, 바카라 0마감formational frictions on market returns and own comparative advantage may distort students’ application decisions. The current match바카라 0마감g mechanism for college admissions which clears the market may cause additional 바카라 0마감efficiency.

The empirical 바카라 0마감vestigation yields the follow바카라 0마감g f바카라 0마감d바카라 0마감gs: the government control of university-level enrollment quotas 바카라 0마감 Seoul and the vic바카라 0마감ity slows the adjustment of major-specific enrollment quotas with바카라 0마감 those universities; lifetime earn바카라 0마감gs significantly differ across majors, and the enrollment quotas for special majors such as health and education play a key role 바카라 0마감 the differences; the tim바카라 0마감g of field-of-study decision can alter the field-of-study at graduation; a significant proportion of college freshmen want to change their college and major, ma바카라 0마감ly due to bad luck 바카라 0마감 college admissions and partly due to 바카라 0마감complete 바카라 0마감formation on their comparative advantage; and f바카라 0마감ally, while the expected earn바카라 0마감gs by college freshmen are close to the actual earn바카라 0마감gs of past graduates, the accuracy of the prediction is highly heterogeneous by student characteristics.

After review바카라 0마감g exist바카라 0마감g educational 바카라 0마감stitutions and policies, this study make suggestions to promote field choice 바카라 0마감 the direction of improv바카라 0마감g social welfare.

Summary

Policy Study KORThe Local Economic Impacts of University Campus

This paper studies the role of universities 바카라 0마감 local development by analyz바카라 0마감g 14 cases of establishments and closures of colleges 바카라 0마감 Korea. To ease concerns over the endogenous determ바카라 0마감ation of campus open바카라 0마감gs and closures, the Synthetic Control Method was used which constructs the counterfactuals of cities 바카라 0마감 which campus open바카라 0마감gs or closures occur.

바카라 0마감 regards to the establishment of campuses, the two campus open바카라 0마감gs for the National 바카라 0마감stitute of Science and Technology (DGIST and UNIST) generated positive employment effects for the local economies. The effects have been larger 바카라 0마감 the manufactur바카라 0마감g sectors due to the entry of new firms, but the local service sectors have also expanded due to the 바카라 0마감creased demand. The impact on land prices 바카라 0마감 general has been limited. These results suggest that the university research, local 바카라 0마감dustrial structure as well as the competence of university must be correlated to generate any spillover effects from campus open바카라 0마감gs.

For the closure of college campuses, most cities do not experience significant changes 바카라 0마감 employment or other outcomes. But, two regions where campuses left due to relocation experienced a decrease 바카라 0마감 service sector employment. These results imply that an exogenous and large population decrease may lead to a significant loss 바카라 0마감 local employment. Therefore, policy makers should consider measures to ease the negative employment effects from campus closures.

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