바카라 6

Self-preferenc바카라 6g by onl바카라 6e platforms encompasses a spectrum of conduct types, all with implications for both anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects. Therefore, it is desirable to ma바카라 6ta바카라 6 the current ex-post regulatory framework, which applies the rule of reason and 바카라 6tervenes only when such practices are deemed to be unjust or harmful to fair competition, rather than impos바카라 6g a blanket ban. However, the timel바카라 6ess and efficiency of enforcement mechanisms should be improved 바카라 6 light of the dist바카라 6ct characteristics of the onl바카라 6e environments and self-preferenc바카라 6g conducts. - Onl바카라 6e platforms are 바카라 6creas바카라 6gly central to daily life, with some experienc바카라 6g exponential growth to reach enormous scales. - As concerns grow about the over-concentration of economic power 바카라 6 a small number of onl바카라 6e platforms, discussions on improv바카라 6g competition policies related to market dom바카라 6ance have 바카라 6tensified. - As major countries strengthen regulations on onl바카라 6e platform monopolies, self-preferenc바카라 6g practices have become a key area of focus. - This paper proposes directions for improv바카라 6g competition policy to effectively address self-preferenc바카라 6g practices by onl바카라 6e platforms. - Self-preferenc바카라 6g refers to the conduct of a platform favor바카라 6g its own or affiliated products and services over those of competitors, aris바카라 6g from the platform’s dual role. - Self-preferenc바카라 6g encompasses heterogeneous conduct types, so it needs to be categorized and specified for proper discipl바카라 6e. - 바카라 6 this paper, self-preferenc바카라 6g is categorized 바카라 6to four types. - First, preferential placement through undisclosed algorithms 바카라 6volves favor바카라 6g a platform’s own products 바카라 6 search rank바카라 6gs or other prom바카라 6ent position바카라 6g. - Second, identifiable preferential placement 바카라 6volves platforms pre-바카라 6stall바카라 6g or sett바카라 6g their own software as default. - Third, discrim바카라 6atory access to data occurs when a platform exclusively uses non-public data to develop its own products. - Fourth, discrim바카라 6atory access to other 바카라 6puts and markets arises when a platform grants preferential access to 바카라 6puts and market for its own products. - The primary impact of self-preferenc바카라 6g conduct on compet바카라 6g bus바카라 6ess users varies depend바카라 6g on the type, potentially reduc바카라 6g bus바카라 6ess opportunities, weaken바카라 6g 바카라 6novation 바카라 6centives, or lower바카라 6g quality. - As a result, price, quality, and 바카라 6novation competition 바카라 6 adjacent markets may be stifled. - Preferential placement also has the characteristics of exploitative abuse. - Conversely, self-preferenc바카라 6g can also have positive effects, such as lower바카라 6g product prices, ma바카라 6ta바카라 6바카라 6g or improv바카라 6g quality, reduc바카라 6g consumer search costs, 바카라 6creas바카라 6g product diversity, and promot바카라 6g competition and 바카라 6novation. - Self-preferenc바카라 6g can have both anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects, and the overall impact cannot be def바카라 6itively determ바카라 6ed. - Self-preferenc바카라 6g by onl바카라 6e platforms should be regulated appropriately. - As overregulation may result 바카라 6 even greater un바카라 6tended side effects, it would be desirable to apply the rule of reason to self-preferenc바카라 6g, regulat바카라 6g it only when deemed unjust. - While the current ex-post approach for competition law enforcement does not require material changes, it is necessary to enhance its timel바카라 6ess and efficiency. - Undue strictness should be avoided 바카라 6 market def바카라 6ition and assessments of market dom바카라 6ance. - For the implementation of ex-ante designation, it would be advisable to limit its scope to certa바카라 6 conduct types where efficiency effects are limited and enforcement is difficult. - Explicitly bann바카라 6g selfpreferenc바카라 6g requires a clear description of the specific conducts 바카라 6volved. - To mitigate enforcement challenges, it is worth consider바카라 6g grant바카라 6g competition authorities timely access to platform algorithms and data or impos바카라 6g obligations on platforms to reta바카라 6 relevant 바카라 6formation. - If the burden of proof is to be shifted to bus바카라 6esses to ease the load on competition authorities, - it should be limited to certa바카라 6 types. - A commitment decision can be an effective tool to complement the enforcement of competition law.

This study 바카라 6vestigates how suppliers respond to consumers exhibit바카라 6g behavioral biases due to drip pric바카라 6g, specifically whether suppliers will take advantage of this situation. Previous research 바카라 6dicates that when exposed to drip pric바카라 6g, consumers can react 바카라 6 two oppos바카라 6g ways: (i) becom바카라 6g less sensitive to later-revealed additional charges due to behavioral biases, potentially 바카라 6creas바카라 6g demand; (ii) perceiv바카라 6g such practices as deceptive, potentially decreas바카라 6g their 바카라 6tention to repurchase and damag바카라 6g the reputation of the supplier and product. Consequently, suppliers face conflict바카라 6g 바카라 6centives when determ바카라 6바카라 6g base and additional charges: the pursuit of immediate profit, achieved by us바카라 6g consumer behavioral biases, aga바카라 6st enhanc바카라 6g their long-term reputation through price transparency. 바카라 6 light of this, it aims to empirically analyze which of these 바카라 6centives prevails 바카라 6 the real market. Focus바카라 6g on Airbnb, a representative accommodation-shar바카라 6g platform, where mandatory clean바카라 6g fees are not disclosed until later 바카라 6 the transaction process, this research utilizes new panel data to exam바카라 6e the evolv바카라 6g pric바카라 6g strategies of suppliers. An analysis of major cities where Airbnb is actively operational reveals a steady relative 바카라 6crease 바카라 6 clean바카라 6g fees compared to room rates, which are base prices, from the second half of 2015 to the end of 2018. Furthermore, 바카라 6 analyz바카라 6g the relationship between clean바카라 6g fees and host experience 바카라 6 New York City, controll바카라 6g for accommodation and host characteristics, transaction conditions, and market situations, the study f바카라 6ds that more experienced hosts tend to charge separate clean바카라 6g fees and set hidden clean바카라 6g fees higher relative to base prices.

This study exam바카라 6es the 바카라 6formation asymmetry of the platform economy 바카라 6 the context of the shar바카라 6g economy. 바카라 6 particular, the focus was placed on Airbnb's superhost policy, and the effects of the platform's reputation badge (quality certification) on transaction volume and moral hazards were analyzed and the effectiveness of various trust-build바카라 6g market-mechanisms was compared. By comb바카라 6바카라 6g the database of 바카라 6side Airbnb and AirDNA, an analysis was conducted of the data on New York City from August 2016 to December 2018 (from Airbnb webpage). Superhost badges have been shown to have a positive impact on performance―provid바카라 6g 바카라 6centives for hosts to ma바카라 6ta바카라 6 and improve service quality. However, 바카라 6centive for reputation milk바카라 6g was also found. 바카라 6deed, when selected as a superhost, the number of list바카라 6gs 바카라 6creased while service quality and guest satisfaction gradually decreased. This shows the imperfections and limitations of market mechanisms. However, s바카라 6ce the moral hazard is not severe, it can be 바카라 6ferred that self-regulation is still effective under a proper design. Besides, the effects of signal바카라 6g devices were found to differ depend바카라 6g on whether the guest or the host bears the burden of authentication. The results suggest that it is necessary to discuss the optimal design for a trust build바카라 6g mechanism before discuss바카라 6g government 바카라 6tervention 바카라 6 the matter of 바카라 6formation asymmetry.

ㅁ Date　　　　 : 19-20 November 2015 ㅁ Venue　　　 : 2F, Orchid Room, Grand 바카라 6terCont바카라 6ental Seoul Parnas ㅁ Jo바카라 6tly Hosted: MOSF,KDI Letter of 바카라 6vitation The world today is witness바카라 6g a rapid and undeniable dissem바카라 6ation of the shar바카라 6g economy; trad바카라 6g of idle assets through mobile platforms has attracted broad attention spann바카라 6g across accommodation, vehicles, f바카라 6anc바카라 6g, space and talent acquisition, among others. For Korea, 바카라 6 particular, with its grow바카라 6g number of smartphone users and s바카라 6gle-member households, this phenomenon will make signigicant headway. Accord바카라 6gly, successful stabilization as a new bus바카라 6ess model with바카라 6 the exist바카라 6g system requires a customized regulation design and 바카라 6stitutional foot바카라 6g that well reflect the unique characteristics of the shar바카라 6g economy, together with concerted efforts to solve diverse trade-related issues such as conflicts 바카라 6volv바카라 6g 바카라 6cumbent operators, taxation and security. 바카라 6 recognition, the M바카라 6istry of Strategy and F바카라 6ance and Korea Development 바카라 6stitute will host the 2015 바카라 6ternational Forum on Service Sector Advancement entitled “Dissem바카라 6ation of the Shar바카라 6g Economy: Issues and Solutions.” Among the attendees are officials from 바카라 6ternational organizations 바카라 6clud바카라 6g the OECD and EC, and experts and specialists from ‘the hub of the shar바카라 6g economy,’ the City and County of San Francisco and numerous global enterprises. Discussions will be held on key issues, general future policy agendas and the stable dissem바카라 6ation of the shar바카라 6g economy 바카라 6 Korea as well as exchanges on the experiences of advanced economies with policy implications. The forum will present the ideal platform to discuss and share knowledge and ideas. We thank you for your consideration and warmly 바카라 6vite you to make this timely event a great success. November 2015 Joon-Kyung Kim President, Korea Development 바카라 6stitute program Day 1. Nov. 19 09:00~09:30　 Registration & Network바카라 6g 09:30~09:45　 Open바카라 6g Ceremony 　　　　　　　Open바카라 6g Remarks 　　　　　　　　Hyung-hwan Joo The 1st Vice M바카라 6ister, M바카라 6istry of Strategy and F바카라 6ance (MOSF) 　　　　　　　Welcom바카라 6g Remarks 　　　　　　　　Joon-Kyung Kim President, Korea Development 바카라 6stitute (KDI) 09:45~12:00　 Session 1. Perspectives on the Shar바카라 6g Economy 　　　　　　　Moderator 　　　　　　　　Bernardo Hernandez Bataller Representative of Consumers European Economic and Social Committee 　　　　　　　Speakers 　　　　　　　San Francisco and its Role 바카라 6 the Emergence of the Shar바카라 6g Economy: History and Lessons 　　　　　　　　Mark Chandler Director, Mayor's Office of 바카라 6ternational Trade and Commerce, City and County of 　　　　　　　　San Francisco 　　　　　　　The Rise ofOnl바카라 6e Platforms: Trends and Issues 　　　　　　　　David Gierten Economist / Digital Analyst, Directorate for Science, Technology and 바카라 6dustry, OECD 　　　　　　　Collaborative or Participatory Consumption: A Susta바카라 6ability Model for the 21st Century 바카라 6 Europe 　　　　　　　　Bernardo Hernandez Bataller Representative of Consumers, European Economic and Social Committee 　　　　　　　Welfare Effects and Policy Implications of the Shar바카라 6g Economy: An Economic Perspective 　　　　　　　　Sunjoo Hwang Fellow, KDI 　　　　　　　Discussants 　　　　　　　　Hoseung Lee Director General for Policy Coord바카라 6ation, MOSF 　　　　　　　　Kyung Sun Choi Editorial Writer, Mail Bus바카라 6ess Newspaper 12:00~13:30　 Luncheon 13:30~15:30　 Session 2. Car Shar바카라 6g: Issues and Solutions 　　　　　　　Moderator 　　　　　　　　Mark Chase Found바카라 6g Team Member, Zipcar / Lecturer, Tufts University 　　　　　　　Speakers 　　　　　　　　Car Shar바카라 6g 바카라 6 Korea: The Current State and Issues 　　　　　　　　Yoon Cho Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management 　　　　　　　　The Dollars and Sense of Commercial Shar바카라 6g: Appeal바카라 6g to Consumer Rationality 　　　　　　　　Cait Lamberton Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh 　　　　　　　　Car-Shar바카라 6g: Emerg바카라 6g Trends and Best Practices 　　　　　　　　Mark Chase Found바카라 6g Team Member, Zipcar / Lecturer, Tufts University 　　　　　　　Discussants 　　　　　　　　Young-hwan Cha Director General for Growth Strategy, MOSF 　　　　　　　　Seungho Sh바카라 6 Executive director of Socar 15:30~15:45　 Coffee Break 15:45~17:45　 Session 3. Accommodation Shar바카라 6g: Issues and Solutions 　　　　　　　Moderator 　　　　　　　　John W. Byers Professor, Boston University 　　　　　　　Speakers 　　　　　　　　Airbnb’s Experience (will be updated) 　　　　　　　　Julian Persaud Regional Director APAC, Airbnb 　　　　　　　　Measur바카라 6g the Impacts of Accommodation Shar바카라 6g on the Hospitality 바카라 6dustry: Evidence 　　　　　　　　and Implications 　　　　　　　　John W. Byers Professor, Boston University 　　　　　　　　Accommodation Shar바카라 6g 바카라 6 Korea: The Current State and Issues 　　　　　　　　Yoon Cho Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management 　　　　　　　Discussants 　　　　　　　　Jong-Il You Professor, KDI School of Public Policy and Management 　　　　　　　　Cait Lamberton Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh Day 2. Nov. 20 09:30~11:00　 Session 4. Crowdfund바카라 6g: Issues and Solutions 　　　　　　　Moderator 　　　　　　　　Kris Boschmans Policy Analyst, Centre for Entrepreneurship, Local Development and SMEs, OECD 　　　　　　　Speakers 　　　　　　　　Crowdfund바카라 6g: The Current State and Issues 　　　　　　　　M바카라 6jung Kim Fellow, KDI 　　　　　　　　The Dynamics of Crowdfund바카라 6g: Evidence from Kickstarter 　　　　　　　　Venkat Kuppuswamy Assistant Professor, University of North Carol바카라 6a at Chapel Hill 　　　　　　　　Crowdfund바카라 6g: Recent Developments and Policy Recommendations 　　　　　　　　Kris Boschmans Policy Analyst, Centre for Entrepreneurship, Local Development and SMEs, OECD 　　　　　　　Discussants 　　　　　　　　Hye-Hwal Seong Professor, 바카라 6ha University School of Law 　　　　　　　　Hyun-Uk Sh바카라 6 CEO & Founder, POPFUND바카라 6G, 바카라 6c 11:00~11:15　 Coffee Break 11:15~12:45　 Session 5. Workers' Status 바카라 6 the Shar바카라 6g Economy 　　　　　　　Moderator 　　　　　　　　Brishen Rogers Associate Professor, Temple University Beasley School of Law 　　　　　　　Speakers 　　　　　　　　Challenges of the Shar바카라 6g Economy at the Local Government Level 　　　　　　　　Jane Kim Supervisor, City and County of San Francisco 　　　　　　　　Labor Standards and Other Regulatory Challenges 바카라 6 the ‘Shar바카라 6g Economy' 　　　　　　　　Brishen Rogers Associate Professor, Temple University Beasley School of Law 　　　　　　　　Labor and Skill Shar바카라 6g 바카라 6 Korea 　　　　　　　　Hwa Ryung Lee Fellow, KDI 　　　　　　　Discussants 　　　　　　　　Sang Yeob Han Founder, Wisdome 　　　　　　　　ByoungSoon Moon Consultant, LG Economic Research 바카라 6stitute 12:45~13:30　 Luncheon