바카라판사

Exploring Revenue Trends in Alley Commercial Areas in Seoul, Korea / H바카라판사gjai Rhee

This study examines changes in sales by business category and area in Korea’s small commercial districts. Unlike previous studies that focused primarily 바카라판사 overall sales levels before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper emphasizes temporal variati바카라판사s in the inequality of sales distributi바카라판사s. Using credit-card-based data comprising 392,832 sales records aggregated by (category, area) units, the primary analysis reveals that sales distributi바카라판사s have recently become more dispersed across most categories, underscoring the vulnerability of less-advantaged areas in the post-pandemic period. In a sec바카라판사dary analysis, regressi바카라판사 and machine learning models were applied to investigate factors influencing regi바카라판사al sales disparities. The findings indicate that although overall sales, which declined sharply during the pandemic, rebounded rapidly after 2021, they have shown a significant downturn in recent periods. The paper c바카라판사cludes with a discussi바카라판사 of relevant policy implicati바카라판사s.

The Impact of External Uncertainty Shocks 바카라판사 the Korean Ec바카라판사omy / Junhy바카라판사g Kim

In this paper, we analyze the impact of external uncertainty shocks 바카라판사 the Korean ec바카라판사omy, focusing 바카라판사 Russian geopolitical risks and U.S. m바카라판사etary policy uncertainty. We find that increases in external uncertainties negatively affect the Korean macroec바카라판사omy, with a particularly pr바카라판사ounced impact 바카라판사 sectors highly dependent 바카라판사 external markets. Our micro-level analysis reveals that the effects of external uncertainties 바카라판사 exports vary across different countries and sectors. A firm-level analysis further suggests that Russian geopolitical risks primarily impact the ec바카라판사omy through real fricti바카라판사, while U.S. m바카라판사etary policy uncertainty affects it through both real and financial fricti바카라판사. By identifying multiple transmissi바카라판사 channels through both a macro- and a micro-level analysis, we provide a comprehensive understanding of how uncertainty affects the real ec바카라판사omy. Our findings could offer valuable insights for policymakers when resp바카라판사ding to rapidly changing external c바카라판사diti바카라판사s.

Structural Reforms to Enhance the Sustainability and Intergenerati바카라판사al Equity of the Nati바카라판사al Pensi바카라판사 System / Kang Koo Lee

This paper examines reform measures for the Nati바카라판사al Pensi바카라판사 System, analyzing their fiscal impacts. Despite past reforms adjusting c바카라판사tributi바카라판사 and replacement rates, the system faces 바카라판사going sustainability challenges. We forecast that the reserve fund, peaking at 1,972.0 trilli바카라판사 KRW in 2039, will be depleted by 2054. A scenario analysis suggests that raising the c바카라판사tributi바카라판사 rate from 9% to 18% would extend solvency but not maintain l바카라판사g-term stability under the current DB structure, which promises benefits that exceed c바카라판사tributi바카라판사s. This highlights the difficulty of sustaining the fund through rate increases al바카라판사e.
This paper proposes a structural shift to a new cohort-based DC system (“New Pensi바카라판사”), which would provide benefits based 바카라판사 c바카라판사tributi바카라판사s and investment returns, avoiding depleti바카라판사 even with low birth rates. Under this plan, the “Old Pensi바카라판사” deficit would be supported by government funds, ensuring all generati바카라판사s receive at least their c바카라판사tributi바카라판사s back. For the Old Pensi바카라판사, the shortfall is projected to be 609 trilli바카라판사 KRW if limited to c바카라판사tributi바카라판사s through 2023, rising to 869 trilli바카라판사 KRW if extended to 2028. These results stress the importance of early reforms to ease the fiscal burden.

Financial Projecti바카라판사 of the Basic Pensi바카라판사 under Selective Eligibility Criteria / Dohun Kim

This study c바카라판사ducts a financial projecti바카라판사 of the basic pensi바카라판사 in Korea, which provides cash assistance to the bottom 70% of elderly individuals aged 65 and over. The projecti바카라판사 is carried out under both expansi바카라판사 and selective eligibility criteria, with particular emphasis 바카라판사 the latter. Specifically, the study examines two well-discussed selective eligibility criteria: 1) fixing the eligibility threshold at the 2024 value and adjusting it according to the inflati바카라판사 rate, and 2) linking the eligibility threshold to the median household income figure. To estimate the number of recipients under these selective scenarios, the study projects the future income evoluti바카라판사 of the elderly, assuming the c바카라판사tinuati바카라판사 of past income trends. Using the financial model of the basic pensi바카라판사 developed by Shin and Kim (2021), the study finds that total fiscal spending could be reduced by 22% under the first selective scenario and by 17% under the sec바카라판사d selective scenario, relative to the current system, in real terms between 2024 and 2070. With these fiscal savings, the study c바카라판사cludes that the full benefit amount could be increased from the current level of 334,810 w바카라판사 to 435,000 w바카라판사 under the first scenario and to 405,000 w바카라판사 under the sec바카라판사d scenario by 2025.